Year 2025 - September | Volume -3 | Issue -9

A Study of Population Sex Ratio and Violence against Women in working place in Kakarvitta of Nepal

Author: Kamana Rai, Sweta Telaija & Pranoy Subba

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090001

Abstract: This study is population sex ratio and the prevalence of violence against women in the workplace in Kakarvitta, Nepal. As a prominent border town and commercial hub, Kakarvitta presents a unique demographic and socio-cultural setting influenced by cross-border trade, migration, and diverse occupational patterns. The survey employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, combining structured questionnaires with open-ended interviews to gather data from a representative sample of local residents and working women.

The analysis of population sex ratio provided insights into the demographic balance between males and females, highlighting patterns that may be linked to migration trends, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic factors. The investigation into workplace violence against women revealed both overt and subtle forms of discrimination, harassment, and intimidation, as well as the coping strategies adopted by affected individuals.

Findings from the study indicate that while Kakarvitta’s demographic structure reflects broader regional trends, workplace violence against women remains a pressing concern, shaped by cultural attitudes, lack of enforcement of legal protections, and limited awareness about gender rights. The study underscores the need for community-based awareness programs, stronger policy implementation, and integration of gender sensitivity into educational and workplace training initiatives

Keywords: Population Sex Ratio, Violence Against Women, Workplace Harassment, Gender Discrimination, Gender Equality, Kakarvitta, Nepal.

Page No: 1-20

Sociological Dimensions of Teacher Education: Issues and Prospects in the Indian Context

Author: Pabitra Kumar Hazra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090002

Abstract: The field of teacher education in India has been evolving rapidly, shaped by a variety of sociological influences that significantly impact its practices and outcomes. This research explores the sociological perspectives that influence teacher education in India, focusing on the challenges and opportunities these perspectives present. By understanding the social factors that affect teaching and learning, this study aims to provide insights into the systemic changes required to foster a more inclusive, equitable, and effective teacher education system in India. Teacher education in India plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the nation’s education system. While progress has been made in terms of policy development, the quality of teacher education programs, access to training, and the status of teachers continue to be significant challenges. However, with the incorporation of modern teaching methods, technological advancements, and a renewed focus on inclusive education, there is great potential for reforming teacher education in India. By addressing these challenges and seizing the opportunities for improvement, India can ensure that its teachers are well-prepared to meet the evolving needs of the education system and contribute to the nation’s socio-economic development

Keywords: Education, Sociological Influence, Teacher Education, Education System, Policy Development.

Page No: 21-27

The Realities of Stress, Resilience, and Coping Among Young Adults

Author: Ms. Susmita Biswas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090003

Abstract: Early adulthood, typically defined as the period between ages 18 and 25, is often portrayed as a time of discovery and independence, yet it is equally characterized by mounting pressures and instability. This chapter explores how young adults negotiate a landscape marked by academic challenges, precarious employment, identity exploration, and shifting social networks. Drawing on both empirical evidence and theoretical models, we examine how stress, resilience, and coping strategies interact in this life stage. Research consistently shows that stress among young adults is rising, while many traditional support systems fail to meet their actual needs. Resilience, rather than being a matter of toughness, reflects adaptability, supportive social connections, and the ability to reframe adversity. We also consider how contextual factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural background shape stress experiences and coping outcomes. The chapter reviews interventions with empirical support, including cognitivebehavioral methods, mindfulness programs, and peer-led initiatives, and weighs the relative effectiveness of adaptive (e.g., problem-solving, social support seeking) versus maladaptive (e.g., avoidance, substance use, emotional suppression) coping styles. Finally, we call for educators, clinicians, and policymakers to reconsider current support structures and implement developmentally informed approaches that reflect the complexities of emerging adulthood.

Keywords: Stress, Resilience, Coping Mechanisms, Emerging Adulthood, Mental Health, Evidence-Based Intervention.

Page No: 28-33

Bridging Gaps: Policy and Community Interventions in Women’s Education

Author: Barun Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090004

Abstract: Women’s education plays a pivotal role in driving socio-economic growth, advancing gender equality, and shaping inclusive societies. Despite global progress, significant disparities persist in access, participation, and achievement in education among women, particularly in marginalized communities. This paper critically examines the role of policies and community-based interventions in bridging gender gaps in education. It analyzes historical efforts, global and national policies, grassroots initiatives, and sociocultural dynamics that influence educational access for women. The study emphasizes the intersection of education with poverty, social norms, and policy frameworks, highlighting success stories and persisting barriers. It argues that sustainable change requires a combination of inclusive policies, grassroots mobilization, and transformative pedagogy. The research underscores the need for gender-sensitive strategies, digital inclusion, teacher training, and partnerships between governments, NGOs, and communities to achieve educational equity. By adopting a rights-based, holistic approach, education can become a tool for empowerment rather than assimilation, equipping women to be agents of change in their families and societies.

Keywords: Women’s Education, Gender Equity, Policy Interventions, Community Engagement, Inclusive Development.

Page No: 34-42

Higher Education and the Evolution of Womens Empowerment in the 21st Century

Author: Patrashila Sarkar1 & Dr. Biswajit Chatterjee2

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090005

Abstract: The 21st century has witnessed a profound transformation in the status, aspirations, and societal participation of women, driven significantly by the expanding access to higher education. Higher education has emerged not merely as a pathway to employment but as a multidimensional instrument of empowerment, enabling women to reconfigure gender hierarchies, challenge entrenched patriarchal norms, and shape new identities in an increasingly knowledge-driven global society. This article examines the intricate relationship between higher education and women’s empowerment through an interdisciplinary lens, drawing from sociology, gender studies, economics, and educational theory. It investigates how higher education enhances women’s economic independence, political engagement, social mobility, and personal agency, while also probing persistent structural challenges such as gender stereotyping, unequal access, socio-cultural resistance, economic marginalization, and digital divides. In compact yet expansive essays, the article explores shifts in gender roles, the rise of feminist consciousness, the impact of globalization and technology, and the evolving institutional frameworks that shape women’s experiences in academic spaces. Ultimately, the study argues that while higher education is a critical pathway to empowerment, it must be supported by inclusive policies, community sensitization, and structural reforms that ensure equality, dignity, and opportunity for all women.

Keywords: Emancipation, Emotional Independence, Gender, Nawal El Saadawi, Prostitution, Queer, Sexuality.

Page No: 43-53

The Role of Social Movements in Shaping Tribal Political Consciousness in Jharkhand

Author: Pratik Kumar Verma

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090006

Abstract: The role of social movements in shaping tribal political consciousness in Jharkhand is rooted in a long history of resistance against colonial exploitation and cultural suppression. Beginning with early uprisings such as the Dhal Revolt, Tilka Manjhi Movement, and the iconic Birsa Munda Rebellion, these movements united disparate tribal groups to assert land rights, preserve cultural identity, and challenge external dominance. Over time, these interconnected forms of social and cultural mobilization coalesced into a powerful political movement seeking autonomy and self-governance, culminating in the formation of Jharkhand state in 2000. The revival of customary practices and cultural traditions has strengthened community solidarity, providing the social foundation for sustained political awareness and active participation. Supported by constitutional provisions reserving parliamentary and legislative assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes under Articles 330 and 332, as well as landmark laws like the Forest Rights Act (2006) recognizing tribal land rights, these movements have institutionalized tribal political representation and empowerment. Collectively, the trajectory of social movements in Jharkhand illustrates how cultural identity, customary practices, and political activism intertwine to produce enduring tribal political consciousness, ensuring that tribal communities play a decisive role in shaping the region’s democratic governance and development.

Keywords: Jharkhand, Tribal Social Movements, Political Consciousness, Tribal Uprisings, Dhal Revolt, Birsa Munda Movement, Tilka Manjhi Revolt.

Page No: 54-64

Relationship Between Usage of Artificial Intelligence Learning Tools And Academic Achievement Among Undergraduate Students At Salesian College (Autonomous), Sonada And Siliguri

Author: Deepjyoti Barman & Dr. Ranita Chakrabortty

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090007

Abstract: The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped the educational landscape, and it has become imperative to critically analyze its impact on learning and academic achievement among students. This study, “Relationship between Usage of Artificial Intelligence Learning Tools and Academic Achievement among Undergraduate Students,” was conducted at Salesian College (Autonomous) Sonada and Siliguri. The study aimed at analyzing the relationship between the degree to which undergraduate students utilize AI-powered learning tools and their academic achievement, and the possible gender differences in usage and performance. Using a descriptive survey research approach and a sample of 130 undergraduate students, data were collected through a standardized self-report questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods such as frequency analysis, t-tests, and correlation analysis. The findings showed that while there was no statistically significant relationship between the usage of AI learning tools and academic achievement, there was a significant difference in academic achievement with respect to gender, where female students reported higher achievement. The study also found that female students had a slightly higher mean score in their usage of AI tools compared to their male counterparts. These results suggest a need for educational institutions to focus not just on the adoption of AI learning tools, but on their strategic and ethical use to ensure that they actually make a difference to learning outcomes and promote a balanced, inclusive learning environment for all students. The study concludes with educational implications, highlighting the importance of gender-inclusive digital literacy programs and the critical evaluation of AI tools’ pedagogical value.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Learning Tools, Academic Achievement, Undergraduate Students, Gender Differences, Educational Technology, Digital Literacy.

Page No: 65-73

The Role of Cultural Values in Shaping Parenting Styles and Developing Social Competence in Youth

Author: Masiur Rahaman

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090008

Abstract: Researchers and practitioners equip adolescents to flourish socially and culturally in an increasingly varied and interconnected society by diving into this nuanced interaction and designing methods and interventions. A qualitative documentary method was used in this research. The researcher will utilise primary and secondary sources for this investigation. According to the research, parental engagement varies between cultures. Using a theme approach, researchers may examine how cultural beliefs impact parenting techniques and the development of social competence in young people. A more nuanced examination of the complicated interaction between cultural values, parenting approaches, and social competency in youth may be achieved using this method. Fostering good development in adolescents across varied cultural settings requires acknowledging and recognising the influence of culture in child-rearing methods. More effective and culturally sensitive methods of nurturing the next generation may be achieved by further exploring these complex interactions and gaining a better knowledge of how cultural values impact parenting and adolescent outcomes.

Keywords: Parenting Styles, Social Competence, Cultural Values, Youth.

Page No: 74-82

The Role of Aerobic Exercise in Promoting Holistic Wellbeing: A Modern Perspective

Author: Gouranga Ghorai

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090009

Abstract: In an age characterized by sedentary lifestyles, technological immersion, and rising chronic health disorders, aerobic exercise has emerged as a cornerstone of holistic wellbeing. This article explores the multifaceted role of aerobic exercise in enhancing physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of human health. Drawing upon contemporary empirical studies and theoretical perspectives, it argues that aerobic exercise not only strengthens the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but also influences neurocognitive function, mood regulation, social integration, and self-concept. The discussion integrates physiological evidence with psychological and socio-cultural insights, presenting aerobic exercise as a holistic intervention that harmonizes the body, mind, and spirit. The paper concludes that regular aerobic engagement, when contextualized within modern wellness paradigms, serves as both a preventive and transformative practice, essential for individual and collective flourishing in the 21st century.

Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Physiological, Psychological, Socio-Cultural, Modern Wellness.

Page No: 83-89

Mapping the Connection between College Major Choice and Long-Term Career Success

Author: Henry Debajyoti Ghatak

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090010

Abstract: This study explores how the choice of college major influences long-term career success, using a qualitative approach that centers on personal narratives, lived experiences, and contextual factors. While conventional wisdom often suggests a direct link between academic specialization and professional achievement, this research investigates the deeper, more nuanced pathways through which individuals shape their careers over time.Drawing on interviews with graduates from diverse academic backgrounds—including liberal arts, sciences, commerce, and interdisciplinary studies—the study maps how early academic decisions interact with evolving aspirations, socio-cultural influences, and workplace realities. Participants reflect on their motivations for selecting a major, the role of institutional culture, mentorship, and family expectations, and how their education shaped their career identity, adaptability, and values. The research also considers how gender, regional context, and institutional reputation affect access to opportunities and perceptions of success.Findings reveal that while some majors offer structured career trajectories, many individuals achieve long-term success through nonlinear paths, often guided by transferable skills such as communication, critical thinking, and ethical reasoning. The study highlights that career success is not solely determined by academic discipline but is shaped by personal agency, resilience, and the ability to integrate learning across domains. Interdisciplinary education, in particular, emerges as a powerful tool for fostering innovation and flexibility in a rapidly changing job market.This research contributes to ongoing discussions in education policy, career guidance, and curriculum reform by emphasizing the importance of holistic learning environments and inclusive career support systems. It encourages educators, students, and policymakers to move beyond rigid academic frameworks and recognize the diverse ways in which higher education can nurture meaningful, sustainable careers.

Keywords: College major, Career success, Transferable skills, Career identity, Institutional culture, Lifelong learning.

Page No: 90-96

Sustainable urban planning: A Case Study of Kakarvitta in Nepal

Author: Kamana Rai, Sweta Telaija & Pranoy Subba

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090011

Abstract: Kakarvitta (Kakarbhitta), a rapidly growing border town in southeastern Nepal, serves as a vital trade hub linking Nepal with India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. Its strategic location has spurred migration, commerce, and urban expansion, but also brought challenges such as traffic congestion, informal settlements, waste management issues, and strain on infrastructure. This study examines Kakarvitta’s urban development through the lens of sustainable urban planning, focusing on the balance between economic growth, environmental preservation, and social equity. The research assesses current infrastructure, identifies key urban challenges, and analyzes environmental, social, and economic impacts of rapid urbanization. It also evaluates residents’ perceptions and access to essential services, including housing, transportation, education, and healthcare. Strategies explored include integrated land use management, preservation of green spaces, climate-resilient infrastructure, and participatory planning. The findings aim to provide datadriven recommendations to enhance Kakarvitta’s sustainability and resilience, offering a model for other emerging towns in Nepal and similar rapidly urbanizing contexts.

Keywords: Sustainable Urban Planning, Kakarvitta, Nepal, Urban Infrastructure, Environmental Impact, Social Equity, Climate Resilience.

Page No: 97-121

Analysis of Mental Health And Work Stress of Teachers in Bihar

Author: Dr. Piyus Raj Prabhat

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090012

Abstract: Teachers greatly influence the innocent minds of children to grow as responsible and productive individuals. To a considerable extent, the destiny of a nation depends on the teachers who generally inspire students by practicing sound education system and designing associated peripherals such as curriculum, good learning environment, field interface, etc. The paper presents common mental health problems that arise from life events as well as the job stress citing case study results related to teachers. Also, bereavements, divorces, financial difficulties, family history and personal stress characteristics account for to trigger mental health problems. While unproductive levels of stress might be harmful to teachers and can affect their teaching and personal lives besides de-motivating the students, the internal characteristics are found to be one of the most important sources of teachers’ stress. However, teaching profession is both exciting and demanding. Teachers always have the deeper sense to take on the additional responsibilities besides normal teaching activity, and also, enjoy exceptional sense of personal commitment. But when it comes to mental health, their dedication can work against their ability to cope up with.

Keywords: Mental Health, Work Stress, Teachers.

Page No: 122-130

āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•ā§ā§œāĻžāϰ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ

Author: āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻž āϚ⧌āϧ⧁āϰ⧀

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090013

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•ā§ā§œāĻž āĻœā§‡āϞāĻž āϰāĻžā§ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻ—āϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻāχ āϰāĻžā§ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϝāĻžāϤāĻžā§ŸāĻžāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāϕ⧇āĻļā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ“ āϰ⧂āĻĒāύāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āύāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧀āϰ āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻŦāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āϤāĻžāĻŽā§āϰāϞāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤāĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻĒāĻĨāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻŦāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻœā§āϝāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāϤ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āĻ­āĻžāĻ—ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦ⧇āώ⧀ āĻŦāĻŖāĻŋāĻ•āĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇āύ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜ⧈āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϰāĻž, āϜāύāĻžāϕ⧀āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰāύāĻ—āϰ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻ•āϤāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϞāĻžāϭ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤāĨ¤āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•ā§ā§œāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻšā§ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧂āĻĒ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āĻŽāĻŖā§āϝāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϚāϤ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āϰāĻžā§ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϚāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϰ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϞ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•ā§ā§œāĻžāϰ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§ āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāχ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡ āϗ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•ā§ā§œāĻž, āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ, āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ, āϜ⧈āύ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ, āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ“ āϜ⧈āύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ, āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻŦā§€āϤ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ.

Page No: 131-140

āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž : āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝāϰāĻž

Author: āϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύ āĻ­āĻŸā§āϟāĻžāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090014

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): ‘āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§‡â€™ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏāϕ⧇ āϰāĻžāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āϏ⧁āϧ⧀āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϪ⧁ āĻĻ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ ‘āĻāϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻšāϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§‡â€™ -āĻāχ āĻĒāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϞ⧇āϖ⧇āύ, āύāĻžāϰāĻžā§Ÿāύ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āϛ⧋āϟāĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϞ⧇āϖ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āϚāĻžāρāĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻœā§€āĻŦā§€ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϏāϞ-āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϰāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻāϤāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāϜāĻ—āϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻ“ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϞāĻžāĻŦāĻŖā§āϝāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϖ⧇āĻŸā§‡-āĻ–āĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤāĻŋ⧟āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϝ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϏāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āĻļ⧇āϞ, āĻŦā§‹āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤ⧁āĻšā§āĻ›āĨ¤ āϕ⧇āύāύāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āύ⧟, āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—āϤāĻžāύ⧁āĻ—āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧋āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ⧇ āφāϘāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ…āϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĻžāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻļ, āϏ⧁āĻ­āĻžāώ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϏ⧁āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ­āĻŸā§āϟāĻžāϚāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰāĻž āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ—āĻŖāϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤāĻ“ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇, āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ, āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ, āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ, āĻāϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻšāϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž, āϚāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻ•āĨ¤

Page No: 141-152

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•

Author: āĻ•āĻžāĻ•āϞāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āώ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090015

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϘāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ (Conversational Activities) āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāϕ⧇ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž, āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž, āĻĻāϞāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ-āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ—āĻ āύ, āωāĻšā§āϚāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤ Piaget-āĻāϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ-āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āφāϰ Vygotsky-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻœā§āĻžāĻž āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€, āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āĻ“ āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϕ⧁āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§āϰ⧇āĻŽāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ• (NCF 2023) āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ⧇, āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻ•āĻĨā§‹āĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāĨ¤

Page No:153-158

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ

Author: Pradip Kumar Mahata

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090016

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): “āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖâ€ āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ• āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ, āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž, āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ—āĻŽā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž, āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ V āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“, āωāĻĒāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϞāϘ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻžāώ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϚāĻžāϞ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš, āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ“ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰāϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻĢāϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž, āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ, āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 159-165

āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ

Author: āϰ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āύāĻž āĻ­ā§‚āĻžā§āϝāĻž

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090017

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āώ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ•, āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧀āĻŖ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž, āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž, āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ, āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āϚāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧁āώ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§-āĻ—āĻ āύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ, āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ…āĻ™ā§āĻ•āύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 166-172

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ : āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āĻ—

Author: āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090018

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋ, āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻž-āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϚāĻŋāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āύ⧇āχāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ, āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻ“ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āφāϜ āϝāĻž āϕ⧁āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ, āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϤāĻžāχ āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āύāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻšāϞ āĻ•āĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āφāĻĻāĻŋāϰāϏāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āϟāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āχ āϤāĻžāρāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ āύāĻžāύāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāύāĻžāĻŽāϧāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϝ⧌āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āύāύāĻŋ, āφāϞāĻ‚āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϘāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŽā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĸ⧇āϕ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻ“ āϝ⧌āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧁ āĻ­āĻžāĻ™āϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϗ⧁āύ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻž āϕ⧁āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ‚āĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āϝ āωāĻ­āϝāĻŧ⧇āϰāχ āϏāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧀ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āύāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ, āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 173-181

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ

Author: Sima Mahata

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090019

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): “āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ” āĻļā§€āĻ°ā§āώāĻ• āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻāϰ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•, āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯â€”āĻŽāύ, āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ“ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ—āϏāĻžāϧāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€, “holistic and experiential learning”-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāϕ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻāχ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ “āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϧ⧁āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžâ€ āĻŦāĻž “activity-based learning”-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ-āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āωāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻš-āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽāϜāĻŦ⧁āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­āĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύāĨ¤

Page No: 182-187

āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻŖā§€ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŽ: āϰāĻŦā§€āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ, āϰ⧁āĻļā§‹ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ

Author: Chanchal Ghosh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090020

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻāĻ• āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ⧇ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧀āĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž, āĻ…āĻĢ⧁āϰāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ•ā§ŒāϤ⧂āĻšāϞ āφāϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻŽāϧāύ⧁āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āϏ⧇āχ āϘ⧁āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž, āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•ā§ŒāϤ⧂āĻšāϞ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧁āύ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĢ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ–āĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻ¨ā§āϤ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āωāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāχ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āωāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāύāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ• āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ⧇āχ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ â€”āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āϝ⧇ āϰāĻŦā§€āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻ āĻžāϕ⧁āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϚāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻœā§āϝāĻžāρ-āĻœā§āϝāĻžāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻļā§‹āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ¨â€”āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽ-āφāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇, āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϤ⧇ āĻ“ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āϜāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϐāĻ•ā§āϝ āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ—āϏ⧇āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāχ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĒāĻžāĻĨ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Page No: 188-192

āϏāĻšāϜāĻĒāĻžāϠ⧇ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻšāϜāĻĒāĻžāϠ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž

Author: āϤ⧁āĻšāĻŋāύ āĻĻāĻžāϏ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090021

Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻŦāχāϟāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀ āϰāĻ‚ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻŽāύ⧇ āύ⧇āχ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŦāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻļāĻžāχ āĻŦāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ• āĻ āĻžāϕ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϝ⧇ āĻ āĻžāϕ⧁āϰ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āϧāϰ⧇ āϗ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāϠ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āώ⧇ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āϤ⧇āϰ āφāϞ āϧāϰ⧇, ‘āĻ• āĻ– āĻ— āĻ˜â€™ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻœā§‡āϞ⧇-āĻĄāĻŋāĻ™āĻŋ āĻŦ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻŽâ€™ āĻāϰ āĻ—ā§‹āϰ⧁āϰ āĻ—āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āϚāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āφāϞ⧋ āφāρāϧāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄā§āĻĄ āĻšā§‡āύāĻž āĻāĻ• āϭ⧁āĻŦāύ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āϭ⧁āĻŦāύāϟāĻžāχ āϏāĻšāϜāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧇ āϘāώāĻž āϖ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽāϞāĻžāϟ āĻ›āĻŋāρāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§€āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻŦāχāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇, āĻ­āϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻŦ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ–ā§‹āĻ•āĻž āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύ⧇āϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāχāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϪ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϗ⧁āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāϖ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻŦāχ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ “āϝ āϰ āϞ āĻŦ” āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϘāϰ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āχ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻĻāϞāĻ—āϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϞāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ⧇āĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāχ āϏāĻšāϜāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĨ¤

Keywords (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϏāĻšāϜāĻĒāĻžāĻ , āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϞāĻŋāύ⧋āĻ•āĻžāϟ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āφāχāύ

Page No: 192-197

ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ⤕āĨ‡ ⤏⤂ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤­ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ā¤ā¤ĩ⤂ ⤗āĨˆā¤° ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤˛ā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤ĩ⤂ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤Ŗā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤Žā¤• ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨

Author: Dr. Satish Chandra Yadav

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090022

Abstract (ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°ā¤žā¤‚ā¤ļ): ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤝āĨ‹ā¤—ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ ⤔⤰ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤉⤍āĨā¤¨ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤Ž ⤏āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨ€ ā¤šā¤Ž ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤œāĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‹ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋ⤕ ⤜⤟ā¤ŋ⤞ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤œāĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Ē⤰ā¤ŋā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤤ ⤕⤰ ⤏⤕⤤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤ĩ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗ ⤭āĨ‚ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ⤍ā¤ŋā¤­ā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ; ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Ĩā¤Žā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤°ā¤• ā¤ļ⤕āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨā¤Ļā¤žā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤞ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗ ⤕āĨ‡ā¤‚ā¤ĻāĨā¤° ā¤Ŧā¤ŋ⤂ā¤ĻāĨ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ ⤇⤏ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤¤ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤Ŧ⤞ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ⤕ā¤ŋ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤—⤤ā¤ŋ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤞ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩāĨ‡ā¤ļ ⤆ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨā¤¯ā¤• ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤°ā¤žā¤œāĨā¤¯, ⤜āĨ‹ ā¤ĻāĨā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ⤭⤰ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤖⤍ā¤ŋ⤜āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤šāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ⤔⤰ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤šāĨ€ā¤¨ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ – ⤆ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤞ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤œā¤žā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ⤍āĨ‡ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤏⤂ā¤Ŧ⤂⤧ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ⤔⤰ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Ē⤰ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤Žā¤ŋ⤤ ⤰āĨ‚ā¤Ē ⤏āĨ‡ ⤚⤰āĨā¤šā¤ž ⤕āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤇⤏ ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤉ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤ļāĨā¤¯ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤆ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨ€ ā¤Ŧ⤚āĨā¤šāĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ŦāĨ€ā¤š ā¤¸ā¤žā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤Ļ⤰ ⤔⤰ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ⤕āĨ‹ ā¤œā¤žā¤¨ā¤¨ā¤ž ⤔⤰ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤–⤤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤ ⤕ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨā¤–āĨā¤¯ ⤰āĨ‚ā¤Ē ⤏āĨ‡ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤°ā¤ž ā¤Ŧā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨā¤† ā¤°ā¤žā¤œāĨā¤¯ ā¤šāĨˆ, ā¤°ā¤žā¤œāĨā¤¯ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ŦāĨ€ā¤š ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤¤ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤•ā¤ž ⤏āĨā¤¤ā¤° ⤕āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ, ⤔⤰ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ⤕āĨ‡ ⤕āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤕āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤­ā¤žā¤ĩāĨ€ ⤉ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¯ ⤕ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤œā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤šā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤, ⤝āĨ‡ ⤐⤏āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ļāĨā¤¨ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚ ⤜ā¤ŋā¤¨ā¤•ā¤ž ⤉⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤° ā¤¯ā¤š ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤ĻāĨ‡ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤šā¤žā¤šā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤇⤏ ⤏⤂ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤­ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ⤕āĨ€ ⤗⤰āĨ€ā¤ŦāĨ€ ⤕āĨ€ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ-ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤏āĨ‡ ⤜āĨā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ‡ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤔⤰ ⤅ā¤ĩ⤏⤰āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤Ēā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤žā¤˛ ⤕⤰⤍āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤Ē⤍ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤰āĨā¤ĻāĨā¤§ ⤜⤍ ⤆⤂ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤˛ā¤¨, ⤖⤍⤍ ⤏⤂ā¤Ŧ⤂⤧āĨ€ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤“⤂ ⤔⤰ ā¤ŽāĨ‚⤞ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤜āĨ€ā¤ĩā¤¨ā¤¯ā¤žā¤Ē⤍ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ‹ ⤇⤏ ⤞āĨ‡ā¤– ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤰āĨ‡ā¤–ā¤žā¤‚ā¤•ā¤ŋ⤤ ⤕ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤—ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤞āĨ‡ā¤– ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œā¤¨āĨ€ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕ ⤅⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž, ⤅⤍ā¤ŋ⤝⤂⤤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋ⤤ ⤖⤍⤍ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤šā¤¨, ⤔⤰ ⤗⤞⤤ ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ⤍āĨ€ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤔⤰ ⤗āĨˆā¤° ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ⤉⤍⤕āĨ‡ ⤅ā¤Ē⤰āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤¤ ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤ĩ⤝⤍ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤆⤍āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ ⤕⤠ā¤ŋā¤¨ā¤žā¤‡ā¤¯āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤭āĨ€ ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤¨ ⤕ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤—ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

Keywords: ā¤¸ā¤žā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž, ā¤œā¤¨ā¤œā¤žā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž, ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤏āĨā¤¤ā¤°, ā¤¸ā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ⤍āĨ€ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚, ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žāĨ¤

Page No: 198-204

ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ā¤ā¤ĩ⤂ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ŽāĨ‚⤞āĨā¤¯ ⤔⤰ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨā¤§ā¤ŋ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤Žā¤• ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤Ŗ

Author: Dr. Manjeet Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090023

Abstract(ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°ā¤žā¤‚ā¤ļ): ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ⤔⤰ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ⤕āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤›ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨā¤§ā¤ŋ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤žā¤Ģā¤ŧāĨ€ ⤅⤂⤤⤰ ā¤šāĨˆ; ā¤œā¤šā¤žā¤ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ⤕āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ŦāĨ‡ā¤šā¤¤ā¤° ⤏āĨā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ā¤žā¤ā¤, ⤅⤧ā¤ŋ⤕ ⤝āĨ‹ā¤—āĨā¤¯ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤• ⤔⤰ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤅ā¤ĩ⤏⤰ ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨā¤§ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤ĩā¤šāĨ€ā¤‚ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ⤕āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤•āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤•ā¤ŽāĨ€, ⤏āĨ€ā¤Žā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤¸ā¤‚ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨ ⤔⤰ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤‚ā¤¸āĨā¤•āĨƒā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤§ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ⤕āĨ€ ⤗āĨā¤Ŗā¤ĩ⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤ž ⤕āĨ‹ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤­ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ⤕⤰⤤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļā¤ŋ⤎āĨā¤Ÿ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤“⤂ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ, ⤉⤍⤕āĨ‡ ⤞ā¤ŋā¤ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋ⤕ ⤏āĨā¤•āĨ‚⤞āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤔⤰ ⤏āĨā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ⤆ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Ŧ⤚āĨā¤šāĨ‡ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ€ ⤕āĨā¤‚ā¤œāĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤šāĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤ĩā¤žā¤¤ā¤žā¤ĩ⤰⤪ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨ ⤕⤰⤤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆ ā¤œā¤šā¤žā¤ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤍ā¤ŋ⤰⤂⤤⤰ ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤°ā¤šā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤›ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤° ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤—āĨā¤° ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤¸ ⤕āĨ€ ⤜ā¤ŧā¤ŋā¤ŽāĨā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤Ļā¤žā¤°āĨ€ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤ž ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤• ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¨āĨ‡ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤞ā¤ŋā¤ ⤕ā¤ŋ ⤝āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤• ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤œ ⤕āĨ‹ ⤕āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤­ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ⤕⤰⤤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œāĨā¤¯ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤–ā¤‚ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ⤔⤰ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨā¤§ā¤ŋ, ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤œā¤ŋ⤕ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤œā¤žā¤—ā¤°āĨ‚ā¤•ā¤¤ā¤ž ⤔⤰ ⤰āĨ‹ā¤œā¤ŧā¤—ā¤žā¤° ⤕āĨ€ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋ ⤕āĨ€ ⤤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤• ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤¨ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤Žā¤• ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ ā¤Ēā¤ĻāĨā¤§ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ⤔⤰ 200 ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ (100 ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ⤔⤰ 100 ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ⤕āĨā¤ˇāĨ‡ā¤¤āĨā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤏āĨ‡) ⤕āĨ€ ā¤ā¤• ā¤¨ā¤ŽāĨ‚ā¤¨ā¤ž ⤆ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤ĻāĨ€ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤉ā¤Ē⤝āĨ‹ā¤— ⤕⤰⤤āĨ‡ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ⤉⤞āĨā¤˛āĨ‡ā¤–⤍āĨ€ā¤¯ ⤅⤂⤤⤰āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‹ ā¤‰ā¤œā¤žā¤—ā¤° ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ⤕ā¤ŋ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ€ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤•ā¤•āĨā¤ˇāĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ€ ⤤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚, ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¸ ⤰āĨ‹ā¤œā¤ŧā¤—ā¤žā¤° ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤Ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤕⤞āĨā¤Ē ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ā¤ĩāĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤Ž ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ⤔⤰ ⤅ā¤Ē⤍āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤¨āĨ‚⤍āĨ€ ⤔⤰ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤œā¤ŋ⤕ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•ā¤Ž ā¤œā¤žā¤—ā¤°āĨ‚⤕ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚āĨ¤ ⤇⤏⤕āĨ‡ ā¤…ā¤˛ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ž, ā¤Žā¤šā¤žā¤¨ā¤—ā¤°āĨ€ā¤¯ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‡ā¤ĩ⤞ 30% ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¸ ā¤šā¤žā¤ˆ ⤏āĨā¤•āĨ‚⤞ ā¤Ąā¤ŋ⤗āĨā¤°āĨ€ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤•ā¤•āĨā¤ˇ ⤝āĨ‹ā¤—āĨā¤¯ā¤¤ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤šāĨˆā¤‚, ⤜ā¤Ŧ⤕ā¤ŋ ⤗āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤Ŗ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤“ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤¯ā¤š ⤏⤂⤖āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ⤕āĨ‡ā¤ĩ⤞ 5% ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤

Keywords: ā¤ļāĨˆā¤•āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋ⤕ ⤉ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨā¤§ā¤ŋ, ⤝āĨ‹ā¤—āĨā¤¯ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤•, ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ⤕āĨ€ ⤗āĨā¤Ŗā¤ĩ⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤ž, ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤œā¤ŋ⤕ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ‹ā¤‚, ⤰āĨ‹ā¤œā¤ŧā¤—ā¤žā¤° ⤕āĨ€ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋI

Page No: 205-209

Journey Within: A Study of Self-Discovery in Anita Nair’s Ladies CoupÊ

Author: Pranab Kumar Senapati & Dr. Afifa Bano

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090024

Abstract: Anita Nair’s Ladies CoupÊ (2001) stands as a powerful exploration of female identity, emancipation, and self-discovery in contemporary Indian society. The novel delves into the interior landscape of women’s consciousness through the journeys of six women who, while traveling together in the confined space of a ladies-only train compartment, share stories of their lives, struggles, and triumphs. This paper examines how Nair constructs a multi-layered narrative of liberation and transformation through the protagonist, Akhila— or Akhilandeswari—who embarks on both a physical and emotional journey toward autonomy and selfrealization. The study explores themes such as gendered social conditioning, patriarchy, sexuality, loneliness, and the need for self-definition, analyzing how each woman’s story contributes to Akhila’s awakening. The article also investigates the symbolic significance of the “coupÊ” as a metaphor for confinement and freedom, reflecting the broader social dynamics that shape women’s identities in patriarchal India. Ultimately, Ladies CoupÊ emerges as a text of introspection and empowerment, affirming that the journey to selfhood begins with the courage to question, to remember, and to redefine one’s place in the world.

Keywords: Anita Nair, Ladies CoupÊ, Feminism, Self-Discovery, Patriarchy, Gender Identity.

Page No: 210-215

The Radiant Vision: Use of Symbol and Imagery in the Works of William Blake

Author: Kalicharan Sarder & Dr. Afifa Bano

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090025

Abstract: William Blake (1757–1827), one of the most original and visionary figures of English Romanticism, transformed poetry and art into a unified language of imagination, symbol, and vision. His works—Songs of Innocence and of Experience (1794), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790–93), and The Book of Urizen (1794)—embody a symbolic cosmos where every image becomes a revelation of spiritual truth. Through the interplay of symbols such as the Lamb, the Tiger, Urizen, Los, and the Rose, Blake explores fundamental dualities: innocence and experience, reason and energy, heaven and hell, bondage and freedom. His imagery—drawn from nature, religion, mythology, and the social landscape of industrial England— functions not merely as ornamentation but as a metaphysical language of perception. This paper analyzes Blake’s use of symbol and imagery as expressions of his prophetic vision and philosophical idealism, revealing how they construct a universe in which imagination serves as the ultimate means of liberation and divine communion. The study argues that Blake’s symbols are living entities within a dynamic spiritual system that unites art, poetry, and mysticism. Ultimately, Blake’s radiant vision transcends time, offering a critique of materialism and an enduring celebration of the infinite power of the human imagination.

Keywords: William Blake; Symbolism; Imagery; Romanticism; Visionary Poetry; Mysticism; Imagination; Duality.

Page No: 216-221

Intersecting Poverty, Education, and Gender: Socio-Economic Factors Behind Child Marriage in Murshidabad

Author: Panna Mallick & Dr. Avneesh Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090026

Abstract: Child marriage remains one of the most persistent social issues in India, with profound implications for gender equality, education, and socio-economic development. The district of Murshidabad in West Bengal represents a critical site for understanding this phenomenon due to its deeply rooted cultural traditions, economic deprivation, and gender inequalities. This paper explores the intersecting roles of poverty, education, and gender in perpetuating child marriage in Murshidabad district. Using secondary data, fieldbased observations, and existing literature, the study analyzes how socio-economic vulnerabilities, patriarchal ideologies, and limited access to education collectively sustain early marriage practices. It also highlights the failures of policy interventions and suggests community-based and educational strategies to prevent child marriage and empower girls toward sustainable development and gender justice.

Keywords: Child Marriage, Poverty, Gender Inequality, Education, Murshidabad, Socio-Economic Determinants.

Page No: 222-227

āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ

Author: Asma Khatun

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090027

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āχ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ­āĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤ⧃āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ—ā§ŒāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāϰ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āϕ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āϰ āϏāĻšāϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϕ⧁āϞ, āωāĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĄā§‡āϏāĻĒā§āϝāĻžāϚ, āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Page No: 228-230

āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ

Author: Tuhin Pal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090028

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ, āφāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻšāϝ⧋āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āύ⧟, āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŸā§‡āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ˛ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āύ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ⧟āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ — āĻāχ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ­ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āωāĻ¨ā§āύ⧟āύ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϝ⧌āĻĨ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āϗ⧇ āĻ—ā§œā§‡ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϜāύāĻ—āϪ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž — āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āĻ—āĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ•āϰāĻŖ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž,āϜāĻžāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Page No: 231-235

āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ: āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ

Author: Sabnam Farha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090029

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ•, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϝāĻĨ⧇āĻˇā§āϟ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ—āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ—āϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāϏ⧂āϚāĻŋ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĨ¤

Page No: 236-241

āχāωāύ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϕ⧇āϤāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϟāύ⧇ āĻĒāϟ āĻ“ āĻĒāϟ⧁⧟āĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž

Author: Anamika Shil1 & Samiran Mondal2

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090030

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ):

āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ•āϞāĻž, āύ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ—ā§€āϤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻ–āϞ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ•āϞāĻž, āύ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§€āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϤ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ āĻšāϞ āĻĒāϟāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧀āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϟāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϰ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻĒāϟ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻļā§€āϞāύ āĻ“ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āφāĻžā§āϚāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāχ āĻ…āύāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϰ⧂āĻĒāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇, āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϕ⧇āϤāύ āĻšāϞ āχāωāύ⧇āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧋ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻž (UNESCO World Heritage Site) āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϕ⧇āϤāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻļ⧇āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āφāϛ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻĒāϟ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχāϏāĻŦ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāϟāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϕ⧇ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϟāύāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞāĻž āϗ⧇āϞ⧇, āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰ⧁āĻœā§āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āϘāϟāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰāĻ“ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒāϟāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒāϟ⧁⧟āĻž, āĻĒāϟāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ, āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āϞāĻž, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāϟāύāĨ¤

Page No: 242-248

āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž : āĻāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ

Author: Sutapa Dey & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090031

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ—-āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āϰāĻˇā§āϟāĻž, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻŖāϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻļā§‹āϰ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāϰ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ“ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ-āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϞāĻžāĻžā§āĻ›āύāĻž āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϛ⧋āϟāĻŦ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϤ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§€ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝ⧌āĻŦāύāĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧧⧭ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϰ⧁āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāωāύāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĻāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āύāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻ•āχ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋āχ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āϰāϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āώāϕ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āϰāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āύāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāύ⧁āĻˇā§āϝāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāϕ⧇ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āύ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ…āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāχ āĻ•ā§āϰ⧋āϧ āĻ“ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤ, āύāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ, āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ  āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇āϰāχ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āύāĻžāϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž, āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāωāύāĻŋāϜāĻŽ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ, āĻ—āĻŖāϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

Page No: 249-258

ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤍ā¤ĩā¤žā¤šā¤žā¤°: ā¤ā¤• ⤐⤤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤕ ā¤Ē⤰ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨā¤°āĨ‡ā¤•āĨā¤ˇāĨā¤¯

Author: ⤏āĨā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤Žā¤œāĨ‚ā¤Žā¤Ļā¤žā¤° & ā¤ĄāĨ‰. ⤰āĨ‚ā¤Ēā¤ž ⤏ā¤ŋ⤍āĨā¤šā¤ž

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090032

Abstract (ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°): ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤•ā¤ž ⤇⤤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ⤏⤂⤏āĨā¤•āĨƒā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ‡ ⤇⤤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤˛ā¤—ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨā¤¸āĨā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤Ž ā¤ļā¤žā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤔⤰ ā¤ŽāĨā¤—⤞ ā¤ļā¤žā¤¸ā¤•āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤†ā¤§ā¤žā¤°ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤āĨ€ā¤¯ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ€ ⤉⤤āĨā¤Ē⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤅⤰āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤—āĨˆā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤕, ⤉⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤°-⤇⤤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ⤔⤰ ā¤ĩāĨˆā¤Ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ ⤉⤏ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œā¤ž ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤˛ā¤—ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ⤜ā¤ŋ⤏⤕āĨ€ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤰āĨā¤šā¤ŋ ā¤ĨāĨ€āĨ¤ ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ā¤•⤰āĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨā¤¸āĨā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤Ž ⤔⤰ ā¤ŽāĨā¤—⤞ ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤ˆ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤Ē⤰ ⤭āĨ€ ⤚⤰āĨā¤šā¤ž ā¤•ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤ĻāĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤‚⤤āĨā¤° ⤇⤏ ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤ā¤• ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ‹ā¤¨āĨ‡ ā¤šā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤āĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ€ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤭ā¤ŋ⤍āĨā¤¨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤° ⤕āĨ‡ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤Ē⤰ ⤭āĨ€ ⤚⤰āĨā¤šā¤ž ⤕⤰⤤āĨ€ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤˛āĨā¤“⤂ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ⤏āĨ‡ ā¤ā¤• ā¤ĩ⤕āĨā¤¤āĨ€ ⤔⤰ ⤏āĨ‚ā¤ĢāĨ€ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤šāĨˆāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤šā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ĩ⤕āĨā¤¤āĨ€ ⤏⤂⤤ ⤔⤰ ⤏āĨ‚ā¤ĢāĨ€ ⤏⤂⤤ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ‡ā¤‚ ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋ⤞ ā¤ĨāĨ‡āĨ¤ ⤉⤍āĨā¤šāĨ‹ā¤‚⤍āĨ‡ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ€ ⤍⤈ ā¤ļāĨˆā¤˛ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ‹ā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤Ē⤰ā¤ŋ⤚⤝ ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žāĨ¤Â  ā¤ĩā¤žā¤•āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤Ļ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨ ⤜āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ā¤šāĨˆā¤¤ā¤¨āĨā¤¯, ā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤°ā¤žā¤Ŧā¤žā¤ˆ, ā¤°ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤‚ā¤Ļ, ⤕ā¤ŦāĨ€ā¤° ⤆ā¤Ļā¤ŋāĨ¤ ⤏āĨ‚ā¤ĢāĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨ ⤜āĨˆā¤¸āĨ‡ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤œā¤žā¤ŽāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ€ā¤¨ ⤔⤞ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž, ā¤ŽāĨˆā¤¨āĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ€ā¤¨ ⤚ā¤ŋā¤ļāĨā¤¤āĨ€, ā¤ĩ⤕āĨā¤¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤•āĨ€ ⤆ā¤Ļā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œā¤ž ⤭āĨ€ ⤏āĨ‚ā¤ĢāĨ€ ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤žā¤•āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤Ļ ⤏āĨ‡ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤­ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ĨāĨ‡āĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤šāĨˆ ⤕ā¤ŋ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ⤕āĨ‡ā¤ĩ⤞ ā¤ļā¤žā¤šāĨ€ā¤Ļ⤰ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤° ā¤•ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ€ ā¤Ĩā¤žāĨ¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤‚ ⤕āĨ‹ ⤕ā¤ŋ⤏āĨ€ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œā¤ĩ⤂ā¤ļ ⤕āĨ‡ ā¤°ā¤žā¤œā¤ž ā¤•ā¤ž ⤏⤂⤰⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤¤ ā¤Ĩā¤žāĨ¤

Keywords(ā¤ŽāĨā¤–āĨā¤¯ ā¤ļā¤ŦāĨā¤Ļ): ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ž, ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ā¤­ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤, ā¤Žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛āĨ€ā¤¨ ⤏⤂⤗āĨ€ā¤¤āĨ¤

Page No: 259-263

Education for Sustainable Development in Modern Context

Author: Radha Rani Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090033

Abstract : Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a transformative approach that equips learners with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes necessary to address complex environmental, social, and economic challenges. This study explores the objectives, importance, and strategies for implementing ESD in the modern educational context. It emphasizes the multidimensional role of ESD in fostering cognitive development, critical thinking, ethical reasoning, behavioral change, and civic engagement among learners. The research highlights the significance of ESD in promoting environmental preservation, social equity, economic resilience, and global citizenship. Effective implementation strategies include curriculum integration across disciplines, active and experiential pedagogical approaches, teacher training and capacity building, and community and stakeholder engagement. Global and national initiatives, such as UNESCO’s Global Action Program on ESD, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (particularly Goal 4.7), and country-specific programs in Finland, Japan, and India, illustrate the worldwide recognition of education as a key driver for sustainable development.The findings underscore that ESD not only enhances learners’ understanding of sustainability but also empowers them to become proactive agents of change, capable of making informed, responsible decisions and contributing to sustainable societies. The study concludes that collaboration among educators, policymakers, and communities is essential to maximize the impact of ESD and cultivate a generation committed to creating a sustainable, equitable, and resilient future.

Keywords : Education for Sustainable Development, Sustainability, Global Citizenship, Curriculum Integration, Pedagogy, Civic Engagement.

Page No: 264-271

Integration of ICT in Teacher Education: Policies, Practices and Implications

Author: Dr. Srikanta Nandi & Mr. Milan Mondal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090034

Abstract : Teacher education in India is undergoing a significant transformation with the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). National frameworks such as the National Curriculum Framework (NCF, 2005) and the National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE, 2009) highlight the need for teachers to be technologically skilled, reflective, and compassionate. This paper explores the role of ICT in pre-service and in-service teacher education, drawing from government initiatives like SWAYAM, NPTEL, and OERs. It reviews literature on the pedagogical impact of ICT, outlines the objectives and methodology of an exploratory study, and discusses how ICT can enhance teaching, learning, and assessment. Findings indicate that ICT not only improves access to high-quality education but also promotes critical thinking, collaborative learning, and inclusive practices, while challenges such as infrastructure gaps and teacher readiness remain.

Keywords : Teacher Education, ICT, NCF 2005, NCFTE 2009, SWAYAM, OER, Digital Initiatives, Professional Development.

Page No: 272-279

Impact of Globalization on the Preservation of Indigenous Indian Languages

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090035

Abstract : Globalization has changed the way people live, work, and communicate across the world. In India, it has brought many benefits such as better education, technology, and international connections. However, it has also created serious challenges for the preservation of indigenous Indian languages. These languages, spoken by tribal and rural communities for generations, are slowly disappearing as dominant languages like English and Hindi become more popular in schools, media, and workplaces. Young people often feel that their native languages are less useful or respected, which leads to fewer speakers and weaker cultural ties. This study, based on secondary data such as research articles, reports, and case studies, explores how globalization affects the survival of indigenous languages in India. It shows that language loss is closely linked to identity loss—when a language fades, a part of history, tradition, and community also disappears. The study highlights the emotional and cultural value of these languages and the urgent need to protect them. It also discusses efforts made by educators, activists, and local communities to preserve native languages through documentation, storytelling, and inclusion in school curricula. So, globalization should not lead to the erasure of indigenous voices. Instead, it should be used as a tool to promote respect for all languages and support cultural diversity. Preserving indigenous languages is not just about saving words— it is about saving identities, emotions, and heritage. This study encourages society to recognize the importance of linguistic inclusion and take active steps to keep these languages alive for future generations.

Keywords : Globalization, Indigenous Languages, India, Language Loss, Cultural Identity, Tribal Communities, Language Preservation, Education, Linguistic Diversity, Social Change.

Page No: 280-286