Year 2025 - September | Volume -3 | Issue -9
Author: Kamana Rai, Sweta Telaija & Pranoy Subba
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090001
Abstract: This study is population sex ratio and the prevalence of violence against women in the workplace in Kakarvitta, Nepal. As a prominent border town and commercial hub, Kakarvitta presents a unique demographic and socio-cultural setting influenced by cross-border trade, migration, and diverse occupational patterns. The survey employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, combining structured questionnaires with open-ended interviews to gather data from a representative sample of local residents and working women.
The analysis of population sex ratio provided insights into the demographic balance between males and females, highlighting patterns that may be linked to migration trends, employment opportunities, and socioeconomic factors. The investigation into workplace violence against women revealed both overt and subtle forms of discrimination, harassment, and intimidation, as well as the coping strategies adopted by affected individuals.
Findings from the study indicate that while Kakarvittaâs demographic structure reflects broader regional trends, workplace violence against women remains a pressing concern, shaped by cultural attitudes, lack of enforcement of legal protections, and limited awareness about gender rights. The study underscores the need for community-based awareness programs, stronger policy implementation, and integration of gender sensitivity into educational and workplace training initiatives
Keywords: Population Sex Ratio, Violence Against Women, Workplace Harassment, Gender Discrimination, Gender Equality, Kakarvitta, Nepal.
Page No: 1-20
Author: Pabitra Kumar Hazra
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090002
Abstract: The field of teacher education in India has been evolving rapidly, shaped by a variety of sociological influences that significantly impact its practices and outcomes. This research explores the sociological perspectives that influence teacher education in India, focusing on the challenges and opportunities these perspectives present. By understanding the social factors that affect teaching and learning, this study aims to provide insights into the systemic changes required to foster a more inclusive, equitable, and effective teacher education system in India. Teacher education in India plays a crucial role in shaping the future of the nationâs education system. While progress has been made in terms of policy development, the quality of teacher education programs, access to training, and the status of teachers continue to be significant challenges. However, with the incorporation of modern teaching methods, technological advancements, and a renewed focus on inclusive education, there is great potential for reforming teacher education in India. By addressing these challenges and seizing the opportunities for improvement, India can ensure that its teachers are well-prepared to meet the evolving needs of the education system and contribute to the nationâs socio-economic development
Keywords: Education, Sociological Influence, Teacher Education, Education System, Policy Development.
Page No: 21-27
Author: Ms. Susmita Biswas
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090003
Abstract: Early adulthood, typically defined as the period between ages 18 and 25, is often portrayed as a time of discovery and independence, yet it is equally characterized by mounting pressures and instability. This chapter explores how young adults negotiate a landscape marked by academic challenges, precarious employment, identity exploration, and shifting social networks. Drawing on both empirical evidence and theoretical models, we examine how stress, resilience, and coping strategies interact in this life stage. Research consistently shows that stress among young adults is rising, while many traditional support systems fail to meet their actual needs. Resilience, rather than being a matter of toughness, reflects adaptability, supportive social connections, and the ability to reframe adversity. We also consider how contextual factors such as gender, socioeconomic status, and cultural background shape stress experiences and coping outcomes. The chapter reviews interventions with empirical support, including cognitivebehavioral methods, mindfulness programs, and peer-led initiatives, and weighs the relative effectiveness of adaptive (e.g., problem-solving, social support seeking) versus maladaptive (e.g., avoidance, substance use, emotional suppression) coping styles. Finally, we call for educators, clinicians, and policymakers to reconsider current support structures and implement developmentally informed approaches that reflect the complexities of emerging adulthood.
Keywords: Stress, Resilience, Coping Mechanisms, Emerging Adulthood, Mental Health, Evidence-Based Intervention.
Page No: 28-33
Author: Barun Das
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090004
Abstract: Womenâs education plays a pivotal role in driving socio-economic growth, advancing gender equality, and shaping inclusive societies. Despite global progress, significant disparities persist in access, participation, and achievement in education among women, particularly in marginalized communities. This paper critically examines the role of policies and community-based interventions in bridging gender gaps in education. It analyzes historical efforts, global and national policies, grassroots initiatives, and sociocultural dynamics that influence educational access for women. The study emphasizes the intersection of education with poverty, social norms, and policy frameworks, highlighting success stories and persisting barriers. It argues that sustainable change requires a combination of inclusive policies, grassroots mobilization, and transformative pedagogy. The research underscores the need for gender-sensitive strategies, digital inclusion, teacher training, and partnerships between governments, NGOs, and communities to achieve educational equity. By adopting a rights-based, holistic approach, education can become a tool for empowerment rather than assimilation, equipping women to be agents of change in their families and societies.
Keywords: Womenâs Education, Gender Equity, Policy Interventions, Community Engagement, Inclusive Development.
Page No: 34-42
Author: Patrashila Sarkar1 & Dr. Biswajit Chatterjee2
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090005
Abstract: The 21st century has witnessed a profound transformation in the status, aspirations, and societal participation of women, driven significantly by the expanding access to higher education. Higher education has emerged not merely as a pathway to employment but as a multidimensional instrument of empowerment, enabling women to reconfigure gender hierarchies, challenge entrenched patriarchal norms, and shape new identities in an increasingly knowledge-driven global society. This article examines the intricate relationship between higher education and womenâs empowerment through an interdisciplinary lens, drawing from sociology, gender studies, economics, and educational theory. It investigates how higher education enhances womenâs economic independence, political engagement, social mobility, and personal agency, while also probing persistent structural challenges such as gender stereotyping, unequal access, socio-cultural resistance, economic marginalization, and digital divides. In compact yet expansive essays, the article explores shifts in gender roles, the rise of feminist consciousness, the impact of globalization and technology, and the evolving institutional frameworks that shape womenâs experiences in academic spaces. Ultimately, the study argues that while higher education is a critical pathway to empowerment, it must be supported by inclusive policies, community sensitization, and structural reforms that ensure equality, dignity, and opportunity for all women.
Keywords: Emancipation, Emotional Independence, Gender, Nawal El Saadawi, Prostitution, Queer, Sexuality.
Page No: 43-53
Author: Pratik Kumar Verma
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090006
Abstract: The role of social movements in shaping tribal political consciousness in Jharkhand is rooted in a long history of resistance against colonial exploitation and cultural suppression. Beginning with early uprisings such as the Dhal Revolt, Tilka Manjhi Movement, and the iconic Birsa Munda Rebellion, these movements united disparate tribal groups to assert land rights, preserve cultural identity, and challenge external dominance. Over time, these interconnected forms of social and cultural mobilization coalesced into a powerful political movement seeking autonomy and self-governance, culminating in the formation of Jharkhand state in 2000. The revival of customary practices and cultural traditions has strengthened community solidarity, providing the social foundation for sustained political awareness and active participation. Supported by constitutional provisions reserving parliamentary and legislative assembly seats for Scheduled Tribes under Articles 330 and 332, as well as landmark laws like the Forest Rights Act (2006) recognizing tribal land rights, these movements have institutionalized tribal political representation and empowerment. Collectively, the trajectory of social movements in Jharkhand illustrates how cultural identity, customary practices, and political activism intertwine to produce enduring tribal political consciousness, ensuring that tribal communities play a decisive role in shaping the regionâs democratic governance and development.
Keywords: Jharkhand, Tribal Social Movements, Political Consciousness, Tribal Uprisings, Dhal Revolt, Birsa Munda Movement, Tilka Manjhi Revolt.
Page No: 54-64
Author: Deepjyoti Barman & Dr. Ranita Chakrabortty
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090007
Abstract: The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped the educational landscape, and it has become imperative to critically analyze its impact on learning and academic achievement among students. This study, âRelationship between Usage of Artificial Intelligence Learning Tools and Academic Achievement among Undergraduate Students,â was conducted at Salesian College (Autonomous) Sonada and Siliguri. The study aimed at analyzing the relationship between the degree to which undergraduate students utilize AI-powered learning tools and their academic achievement, and the possible gender differences in usage and performance. Using a descriptive survey research approach and a sample of 130 undergraduate students, data were collected through a standardized self-report questionnaire and analyzed using statistical methods such as frequency analysis, t-tests, and correlation analysis. The findings showed that while there was no statistically significant relationship between the usage of AI learning tools and academic achievement, there was a significant difference in academic achievement with respect to gender, where female students reported higher achievement. The study also found that female students had a slightly higher mean score in their usage of AI tools compared to their male counterparts. These results suggest a need for educational institutions to focus not just on the adoption of AI learning tools, but on their strategic and ethical use to ensure that they actually make a difference to learning outcomes and promote a balanced, inclusive learning environment for all students. The study concludes with educational implications, highlighting the importance of gender-inclusive digital literacy programs and the critical evaluation of AI toolsâ pedagogical value.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Learning Tools, Academic Achievement, Undergraduate Students, Gender Differences, Educational Technology, Digital Literacy.
Page No: 65-73
Author: Masiur Rahaman
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090008
Abstract: Researchers and practitioners equip adolescents to flourish socially and culturally in an increasingly varied and interconnected society by diving into this nuanced interaction and designing methods and interventions. A qualitative documentary method was used in this research. The researcher will utilise primary and secondary sources for this investigation. According to the research, parental engagement varies between cultures. Using a theme approach, researchers may examine how cultural beliefs impact parenting techniques and the development of social competence in young people. A more nuanced examination of the complicated interaction between cultural values, parenting approaches, and social competency in youth may be achieved using this method. Fostering good development in adolescents across varied cultural settings requires acknowledging and recognising the influence of culture in child-rearing methods. More effective and culturally sensitive methods of nurturing the next generation may be achieved by further exploring these complex interactions and gaining a better knowledge of how cultural values impact parenting and adolescent outcomes.
Keywords: Parenting Styles, Social Competence, Cultural Values, Youth.
Page No: 74-82
Author: Gouranga Ghorai
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090009
Abstract: In an age characterized by sedentary lifestyles, technological immersion, and rising chronic health disorders, aerobic exercise has emerged as a cornerstone of holistic wellbeing. This article explores the multifaceted role of aerobic exercise in enhancing physical, mental, emotional, and social dimensions of human health. Drawing upon contemporary empirical studies and theoretical perspectives, it argues that aerobic exercise not only strengthens the cardiovascular and respiratory systems but also influences neurocognitive function, mood regulation, social integration, and self-concept. The discussion integrates physiological evidence with psychological and socio-cultural insights, presenting aerobic exercise as a holistic intervention that harmonizes the body, mind, and spirit. The paper concludes that regular aerobic engagement, when contextualized within modern wellness paradigms, serves as both a preventive and transformative practice, essential for individual and collective flourishing in the 21st century.
Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Physiological, Psychological, Socio-Cultural, Modern Wellness.
Page No: 83-89
Author: Henry Debajyoti Ghatak
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090010
Abstract: This study explores how the choice of college major influences long-term career success, using a qualitative approach that centers on personal narratives, lived experiences, and contextual factors. While conventional wisdom often suggests a direct link between academic specialization and professional achievement, this research investigates the deeper, more nuanced pathways through which individuals shape their careers over time.Drawing on interviews with graduates from diverse academic backgroundsâincluding liberal arts, sciences, commerce, and interdisciplinary studiesâthe study maps how early academic decisions interact with evolving aspirations, socio-cultural influences, and workplace realities. Participants reflect on their motivations for selecting a major, the role of institutional culture, mentorship, and family expectations, and how their education shaped their career identity, adaptability, and values. The research also considers how gender, regional context, and institutional reputation affect access to opportunities and perceptions of success.Findings reveal that while some majors offer structured career trajectories, many individuals achieve long-term success through nonlinear paths, often guided by transferable skills such as communication, critical thinking, and ethical reasoning. The study highlights that career success is not solely determined by academic discipline but is shaped by personal agency, resilience, and the ability to integrate learning across domains. Interdisciplinary education, in particular, emerges as a powerful tool for fostering innovation and flexibility in a rapidly changing job market.This research contributes to ongoing discussions in education policy, career guidance, and curriculum reform by emphasizing the importance of holistic learning environments and inclusive career support systems. It encourages educators, students, and policymakers to move beyond rigid academic frameworks and recognize the diverse ways in which higher education can nurture meaningful, sustainable careers.
Keywords: College major, Career success, Transferable skills, Career identity, Institutional culture, Lifelong learning.
Page No: 90-96
Author: Kamana Rai, Sweta Telaija & Pranoy Subba
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090011
Abstract: Kakarvitta (Kakarbhitta), a rapidly growing border town in southeastern Nepal, serves as a vital trade hub linking Nepal with India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan. Its strategic location has spurred migration, commerce, and urban expansion, but also brought challenges such as traffic congestion, informal settlements, waste management issues, and strain on infrastructure. This study examines Kakarvittaâs urban development through the lens of sustainable urban planning, focusing on the balance between economic growth, environmental preservation, and social equity. The research assesses current infrastructure, identifies key urban challenges, and analyzes environmental, social, and economic impacts of rapid urbanization. It also evaluates residentsâ perceptions and access to essential services, including housing, transportation, education, and healthcare. Strategies explored include integrated land use management, preservation of green spaces, climate-resilient infrastructure, and participatory planning. The findings aim to provide datadriven recommendations to enhance Kakarvittaâs sustainability and resilience, offering a model for other emerging towns in Nepal and similar rapidly urbanizing contexts.
Keywords: Sustainable Urban Planning, Kakarvitta, Nepal, Urban Infrastructure, Environmental Impact, Social Equity, Climate Resilience.
Page No: 97-121
Author: Dr. Piyus Raj Prabhat
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090012
Abstract: Teachers greatly influence the innocent minds of children to grow as responsible and productive individuals. To a considerable extent, the destiny of a nation depends on the teachers who generally inspire students by practicing sound education system and designing associated peripherals such as curriculum, good learning environment, field interface, etc. The paper presents common mental health problems that arise from life events as well as the job stress citing case study results related to teachers. Also, bereavements, divorces, financial difficulties, family history and personal stress characteristics account for to trigger mental health problems. While unproductive levels of stress might be harmful to teachers and can affect their teaching and personal lives besides de-motivating the students, the internal characteristics are found to be one of the most important sources of teachersâ stress. However, teaching profession is both exciting and demanding. Teachers always have the deeper sense to take on the additional responsibilities besides normal teaching activity, and also, enjoy exceptional sense of personal commitment. But when it comes to mental health, their dedication can work against their ability to cope up with.
Keywords: Mental Health, Work Stress, Teachers.
Page No: 122-130
Author: āĻ āϰā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻā§āϧā§āϰā§
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090013
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Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻā§ā§āĻž, āϞā§āĻāĻā§āĻŦāύ, āϞā§āĻāϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻŽāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ, āĻā§āύ āĻŽāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāϰ, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ āĻā§āύ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ, āĻšāĻŋāύā§āĻĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϤ⧠āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ.
Page No: 131-140
Author: āĻāύā§āĻĻāύ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090014
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): âāĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§â āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏāĻā§ āϰāĻžāϤāĻžāϰāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āϏā§āϧā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻŖā§ āĻĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏā§āϰ âāĻāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§â -āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϞā§āĻā§āύ, āύāĻžāϰāĻžā§āύ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžā§ āĻā§āĻāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āϞā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžā§ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻāĻā§ āĻļā§āϰāĻŽāĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻā§āώāĻā§āϰ āĻĢāϏāϞ-āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώā§āϰāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āϝ⧠āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻāϤāĻāĻžāϞ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝā§āϰ āϞāĻžāĻŦāĻŖā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻā§āĻā§-āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤāĻŋā§āĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻļā§āώā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāϝā§āĻĻā§āϧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϏāύā§āύ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āĻļā§āϞ, āĻŦā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āϧāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϤā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻā§āύāύāĻž āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϤā§āϰ āύā§, āĻĢāϏāϞ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏā§āϤā§āϰāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϤāĻžāύā§āĻāϤāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻŽāĻžāύā§āĻāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāύā§āĻĻ āĻ āĻ āϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϰā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻžāύāύā§āĻĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻļ, āϏā§āĻāĻžāώ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžā§, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻā§āϰāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻŖāϏāĻāĻā§āϤāĻ āϰāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ āύāύā§āϝ āĻāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§, āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ, āĻĻāĻŋāύā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻžāϏ, āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋ, āĻāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻžāϏā§āϤā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻž, āĻāϞā§āϞāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻĻāĻļāĻāĨ¤
Page No: 141-152
Author: āĻāĻžāĻāϞāĻŋ āĻā§āώ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090015
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāύāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļā§āĻāĻž āĻ āϤā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ (Conversational Activities) āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļāĻā§ āϤā§āĻŦāϰāĻžāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤ āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž, āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻž, āĻĻāϞāĻāϤ āϏāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ-āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āϰ āύāϤā§āύ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻ āύ, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻāĨ¤ Piaget-āĻāϰ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ-āĻāĻ āύ āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋ āĻāϰā§, āĻāϰ Vygotsky-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āĻāĻž āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻļā§āϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻā§ā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āύā§āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻā§āϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻĢā§āϰā§āĻŽāĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰā§āĻ (NCF 2023) āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒā§, āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§āĻļāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§-āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻžāĨ¤
Page No:153-158
Author: Pradip Kumar Mahata
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090016
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): âāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻž: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖâ āĻļā§āϰā§āώāĻ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ, āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž, āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻž āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž, āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦā§āϧāĻāĻŽā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻŦā§ āϤāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ, āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋ V āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āύā§āύāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻļāϰā§āϤ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāϞā§āĻ, āĻāĻĒāĻāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻžāώ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāώāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āϝ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš, āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāύā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻĢā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āϤāĻĨā§āϝ, āύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰāϏāĻŽā§āĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϝ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϝā§āĻāĻžāϝā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻĢāϞāϤāĻž āĻ āĻā§āĻāϏāĻ āĻāύā§āύāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻž, āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϰ āϏāĻāĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāĨ¤
Page No: 159-165
Author: āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽāĻžāύā§āύāĻž āĻā§āĻā§āϝāĻž
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090017
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āώā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ, āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϝāύā§āϤāϰā§āĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻļā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻāύ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻŦā§āĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž, āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāώāĻž, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āύ, āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻžāĻā§āώā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§-āĻāĻ āύāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻā§, āĻ āĻā§āĻāύāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰā§, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ āĻā§āĻāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĨ¤
Page No: 166-172
Author: āϏāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽāĻŋāϤā§āϰ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090018
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āϰā§āĻāĻŋ, āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻž-āĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ⧠āĻāĻŋāϰāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āύā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻļ, āĻāĻžāϞ āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϰ āϰā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϝāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āϤāĻžāĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āύāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϞ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāϰāϏāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§ āĻ āĻāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύ āύāĻžāύāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāύāĻžāĻŽāϧāύā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āϝā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāύāĻž āĻāϤ⧠āĻĻā§āύāύāĻŋ, āĻāϞāĻāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύ, āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻĸā§āĻā§āĻā§āύ, āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āϝā§āύāϤāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻā§āύ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻāϏāĻž āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāϞāĻāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻĢāϞā§āϝ āĻāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰāĻ āϏāĻžāĻā§āώ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻāĻžāϰāϤāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ, āĻ āύā§āύāĻĻāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϞ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰ, āĻ āĻļā§āϞā§āϞāϤāĻžāĨ¤
Page No: 173-181
Author: Sima Mahata
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090019
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): âāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻž: āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋâ āĻļā§āϰā§āώāĻ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻā§ āĻāϰ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ, āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āϏā§āϤāϰāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝâāĻŽāύ, āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļâāϏāĻžāϧāύ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ (NEP 2020) āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§, âholistic and experiential learningâ-āĻāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻļāϰā§āϰāĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻā§āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧāĻā§āϞā§āϤā§āĻ āĻāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠âāĻā§āϞāĻžāϧā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžâ āĻŦāĻž âactivity-based learningâ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϧāϰā§āĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ-āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻļāϰā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻž āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻš-āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻāĻŦā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻļāϰā§āϰāĻāϰā§āĻāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļāύāĨ¤
Page No: 182-187
Author: Chanchal Ghosh
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090020
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻ āĻ āύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϤ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ⧠āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āϏā§āĻŽ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž, āĻ āĻĢā§āϰāύā§āϤ āĻā§āϤā§āĻšāϞ āĻāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāĻŽāϧāύā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āϝ āϏā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŽāύā§āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞāĻž, āϏā§āĻ āĻā§āϤā§āĻšāϞā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āύ⧠āϏā§āĻĢā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏā§āĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāĻ āĻ āύāύā§āϤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻĒāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āϧāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻ āϏāϤā§āϝāĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāύāĻā§ āĻāĻ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻāĻžāύā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ⧠āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϝāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻšā§āύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āϧā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ âāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āϰāĻŦā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ āĻ āĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ-āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻ āϰā§āĻļā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύâāϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽ-āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§, āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāĻŦāϤ⧠āĻ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻā§āϝ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧâāϏā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻļā§āϰā§āώā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨā§āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Page No: 188-192
Author: āϤā§āĻšāĻŋāύ āĻĻāĻžāϏ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090021
Abstract (āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻā§ āϰāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŽāύ⧠āύā§āĻ āϤāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋ āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻāĻāύāĻ āϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻŽāĻļāĻžāĻ āĻŦāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āϝ⧠āĻ āĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āϧāϰ⧠āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ ā§ āϏāϰā§āώ⧠āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāϞ āϧāϰā§, âāĻ āĻ āĻ āĻâ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āϞā§-āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž âāĻŽâ āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĻžāĻŽ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻāϧāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄā§āĻĄ āĻā§āύāĻž āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻšāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻā§āϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§ āĻāώāĻž āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŽāϞāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϝāĻžāĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§, āĻāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ āϏā§āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āύā§āϝāĻŧ āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖā§āϰ āĻĻā§āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ âāϝ āϰ āϞ āĻŦâ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāϏ⧠āĻāĻ āĻŽāύ⧠āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāϰāϤā§āĻ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻāϞāĻāϤ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏā§āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻāύā§āĻ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻ āϏāĻšāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĨ¤
Keywords (āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϏāĻšāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ , āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āϞāĻŋāύā§āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻāĻžāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻāύ
Page No: 192-197
Author: Dr. Satish Chandra Yadav
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090022
Abstract (ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ļ): ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ĩāĨ⤝ā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤āĨ⤰ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤝āĨā¤ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ĻāĨ⤤āĨ ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤¨āĨ⤍⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨ ā¤Žā¤žā¤§āĨā¤¯ā¤Ž ⤏āĨ ā¤šāĨ ā¤šā¤Ž ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ⤠⤧ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤ā¤ŋ⤞ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤Ē⤰ā¤ŋā¤ĩ⤰āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ā¤° ⤏ā¤ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨā¤āĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤ĩ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ⤰āĨ⤪ ā¤āĨā¤Žā¤ŋā¤ā¤ž ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨ; ā¤¯ā¤š ⤏ā¤ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Ĩā¤Žā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ĒāĨ⤰āĨ⤰⤠ā¤ļā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨā¤Ļā¤žā¤¯āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ⤞ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ā¤ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ⤰āĨ⤪ ā¤āĨā¤ā¤ĻāĨ⤰ ā¤Ŧā¤ŋā¤ā¤ĻāĨ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ⤧ ā¤ā¤¸ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤¤ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤Ŧ⤞ ā¤ĻāĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨ ⤞ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩāĨā¤ļ ā¤ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨā¤¯ā¤ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤝, ā¤āĨ ā¤ĻāĨ⤍ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤍ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠– ā¤ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ⤞ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤žā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ, ⤍āĨ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤Ŧā¤ā¤§ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Ē⤰ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤Žā¤ŋ⤤ ⤰āĨā¤Ē ⤏āĨ ā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¸ ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ļāĨ⤝ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨ ā¤Ŧā¤āĨā¤āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ŦāĨā¤ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤Ļ⤰ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤¨ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ĻāĨā¤ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨā¤āĨ⤝ ⤰āĨā¤Ē ⤏āĨ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤°ā¤ž ā¤Ŧā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨā¤ ā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤šāĨ, ā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ŦāĨ⤠ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤¤ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ā¤ž ⤏āĨ⤤⤰ ā¤āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ, ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤤āĨ⤰ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤ĩāĨ ā¤ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¯ ā¤ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤žā¤¨āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤, ⤝āĨ ā¤ā¤¸āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ļāĨ⤍ ā¤šāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤ŋ⤍ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤¤āĨ⤤⤰ ā¤¯ā¤š ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ĻāĨā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ā¤žā¤šā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¸ ⤏ā¤ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨā¤, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ŦāĨ ā¤āĨ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ-ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Ĩ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ⤏āĨ ā¤āĨā¤Ąā¤ŧāĨ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤° ⤠ā¤ĩ⤏⤰āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤Ēā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤¤ā¤žā¤˛ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¨āĨ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤Ē⤍ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤰āĨā¤ĻāĨ⤧ ā¤ā¤¨ ā¤ā¤ā¤ĻāĨ⤞⤍, ā¤ā¤¨ā¤¨ ⤏ā¤ā¤Ŧā¤ā¤§āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨ⤞ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨā¤ĩā¤¨ā¤¯ā¤žā¤Ē⤍ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤šāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤¸ ⤞āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤰āĨā¤ā¤žā¤ā¤ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ⤞āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ ā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤¨āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ⤠⤠⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž, ⤠⤍ā¤ŋ⤝ā¤ā¤¤āĨ⤰ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤¨ ⤏ā¤ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ĻāĨā¤šā¤¨, ā¤ā¤° ā¤ā¤˛ā¤¤ ⤏⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨ ⤍āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤° ā¤āĨ⤰ ⤏⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨ ā¤ā¤¨ā¤āĨ ⤠ā¤Ē⤰āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨ⤤ ā¤āĨ⤰ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤ĩ⤝⤍ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤¨āĨ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤˛āĨ ā¤ā¤ ā¤ŋā¤¨ā¤žā¤ā¤¯āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩ⤰āĨ⤪⤍ ā¤ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤
Keywords: ā¤¸ā¤žā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž, ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž, ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ā¤ž ⤏āĨ⤤⤰, ⤏⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨ ⤍āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨā¤, ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žāĨ¤
Page No: 198-204
Author: Dr. Manjeet Kumar
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090023
Abstract(ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ļ): ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤤āĨ⤰āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤰āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨ⤧ā¤ŋ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ā¤žā¤Ģā¤ŧāĨ ⤠ā¤ā¤¤ā¤° ā¤šāĨ; ā¤ā¤šā¤žā¤ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤤āĨ⤰āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ŦāĨā¤šā¤¤ā¤° ⤏āĨā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ā¤žā¤ā¤, ⤠⤧ā¤ŋ⤠⤝āĨā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤎⤠ā¤ā¤° ⤠⤧ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤠⤠ā¤ĩ⤏⤰ ā¤ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨ⤧ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤ĩā¤šāĨ⤠ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤤āĨ⤰āĨā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤎ā¤āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ŽāĨ, ⤏āĨā¤Žā¤ŋ⤤ ⤏ā¤ā¤¸ā¤žā¤§ā¤¨ ā¤ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤žā¤ā¤¸āĨā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤§ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨ⤪ā¤ĩ⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨā¤āĨ¤ ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļā¤ŋ⤎āĨ⤠ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋā¤ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤¸āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗ, ā¤ā¤¨ā¤āĨ ⤞ā¤ŋ⤠⤠⤧ā¤ŋ⤠⤏āĨā¤āĨ⤞āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤° ⤏āĨā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤§ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ĩā¤ļāĨ⤝ā¤ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤Ŧā¤āĨā¤āĨ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤āĨ⤰ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨā¤ā¤āĨ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤ĩā¤š ā¤ĩā¤žā¤¤ā¤žā¤ĩ⤰⤪ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤šā¤žā¤ ā¤ĩāĨ⤝ā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤āĨ⤰ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ⤍ā¤ŋ⤰ā¤ā¤¤ā¤° ā¤šāĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤°ā¤šā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤žā¤¤āĨ⤰ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤āĨ⤰ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤¸ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ŧā¤ŋā¤ŽāĨā¤ŽāĨā¤Ļā¤žā¤°āĨ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ ā¤Ŧā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤ž ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤎⤠ā¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¨āĨ ā¤āĨ ⤞ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤ŋ ⤝āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨ⤏āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤āĨ⤝ ā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤ā¤Ą ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨ⤧ā¤ŋ, ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤ā¤ŋ⤠⤠⤧ā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤žā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤° ⤰āĨā¤ā¤ŧā¤ā¤žā¤° ā¤āĨ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨ ⤤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤ ā¤ĩ⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤¨ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤Žā¤ ā¤ļāĨ⤧ ā¤Ēā¤ĻāĨ⤧⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤° 200 ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ (100 ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤ā¤° 100 ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤤āĨ⤰āĨ⤠⤏āĨ) ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ ā¤¨ā¤ŽāĨā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤ĻāĨ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤Ē⤝āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤¯ā¤š ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ā¤˛āĨ⤞āĨā¤ā¤¨āĨ⤝ ⤠ā¤ā¤¤ā¤°āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ā¤žā¤ā¤° ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤Ļ⤰āĨā¤ļā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ļā¤šā¤°āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤ā¤āĨ⤎āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ⤤āĨā¤˛ā¤¨ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨā¤, ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¸ ⤰āĨā¤ā¤ŧā¤ā¤žā¤° ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤Ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤˛āĨā¤Ē ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤ĩāĨ ā¤ā¤Ž ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤ā¤° ⤠ā¤Ē⤍āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤¨āĨ⤍āĨ ā¤ā¤° ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤ā¤ŋ⤠⤠⤧ā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤Ž ā¤ā¤žā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ ā¤šāĨā¤āĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¸ā¤āĨ ā¤ ā¤˛ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ž, ā¤Žā¤šā¤žā¤¨ā¤ā¤°āĨ⤝ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤āĨā¤ĩ⤞ 30% ā¤āĨ ā¤Ēā¤žā¤¸ ā¤šā¤žā¤ ā¤¸āĨā¤āĨ⤞ ā¤Ąā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤰āĨ ā¤āĨ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤ā¤āĨ⤎ ⤝āĨā¤āĨā¤¯ā¤¤ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤šāĨā¤, ā¤ā¤Ŧā¤ā¤ŋ ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ⤪ ā¤Žā¤šā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤žā¤ā¤ ā¤ŽāĨā¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤āĨā¤ĩ⤞ 5% ā¤šāĨāĨ¤
Keywords: ā¤ļāĨā¤āĨ⤎ā¤ŋ⤠ā¤ā¤Ē⤞ā¤ŦāĨ⤧ā¤ŋ, ⤝āĨā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ⤎ā¤, ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤āĨ ā¤āĨ⤪ā¤ĩ⤤āĨā¤¤ā¤ž, ā¤¸ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤ā¤ŋ⤠⤠⤧ā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤, ⤰āĨā¤ā¤ŧā¤ā¤žā¤° ā¤āĨ ⤏āĨā¤Ĩā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ŋI
Page No: 205-209
Author: Pranab Kumar Senapati & Dr. Afifa Bano
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090024
Abstract: Anita Nairâs Ladies CoupÊ (2001) stands as a powerful exploration of female identity, emancipation, and self-discovery in contemporary Indian society. The novel delves into the interior landscape of womenâs consciousness through the journeys of six women who, while traveling together in the confined space of a ladies-only train compartment, share stories of their lives, struggles, and triumphs. This paper examines how Nair constructs a multi-layered narrative of liberation and transformation through the protagonist, Akhilaâ or Akhilandeswariâwho embarks on both a physical and emotional journey toward autonomy and selfrealization. The study explores themes such as gendered social conditioning, patriarchy, sexuality, loneliness, and the need for self-definition, analyzing how each womanâs story contributes to Akhilaâs awakening. The article also investigates the symbolic significance of the âcoupÊâ as a metaphor for confinement and freedom, reflecting the broader social dynamics that shape womenâs identities in patriarchal India. Ultimately, Ladies CoupÊ emerges as a text of introspection and empowerment, affirming that the journey to selfhood begins with the courage to question, to remember, and to redefine oneâs place in the world.
Keywords: Anita Nair, Ladies CoupÊ, Feminism, Self-Discovery, Patriarchy, Gender Identity.
Page No: 210-215
Author: Kalicharan Sarder & Dr. Afifa Bano
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090025
Abstract: William Blake (1757â1827), one of the most original and visionary figures of English Romanticism, transformed poetry and art into a unified language of imagination, symbol, and vision. His worksâSongs of Innocence and of Experience (1794), The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790â93), and The Book of Urizen (1794)âembody a symbolic cosmos where every image becomes a revelation of spiritual truth. Through the interplay of symbols such as the Lamb, the Tiger, Urizen, Los, and the Rose, Blake explores fundamental dualities: innocence and experience, reason and energy, heaven and hell, bondage and freedom. His imageryâdrawn from nature, religion, mythology, and the social landscape of industrial Englandâ functions not merely as ornamentation but as a metaphysical language of perception. This paper analyzes Blakeâs use of symbol and imagery as expressions of his prophetic vision and philosophical idealism, revealing how they construct a universe in which imagination serves as the ultimate means of liberation and divine communion. The study argues that Blakeâs symbols are living entities within a dynamic spiritual system that unites art, poetry, and mysticism. Ultimately, Blakeâs radiant vision transcends time, offering a critique of materialism and an enduring celebration of the infinite power of the human imagination.
Keywords: William Blake; Symbolism; Imagery; Romanticism; Visionary Poetry; Mysticism; Imagination; Duality.
Page No: 216-221
Author: Panna Mallick & Dr. Avneesh Kumar
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090026
Abstract: Child marriage remains one of the most persistent social issues in India, with profound implications for gender equality, education, and socio-economic development. The district of Murshidabad in West Bengal represents a critical site for understanding this phenomenon due to its deeply rooted cultural traditions, economic deprivation, and gender inequalities. This paper explores the intersecting roles of poverty, education, and gender in perpetuating child marriage in Murshidabad district. Using secondary data, fieldbased observations, and existing literature, the study analyzes how socio-economic vulnerabilities, patriarchal ideologies, and limited access to education collectively sustain early marriage practices. It also highlights the failures of policy interventions and suggests community-based and educational strategies to prevent child marriage and empower girls toward sustainable development and gender justice.
Keywords: Child Marriage, Poverty, Gender Inequality, Education, Murshidabad, Socio-Economic Determinants.
Page No: 222-227
Author: Asma Khatun
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090027
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĨ¤ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏāϰā§āĻŦā§āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻ āĻŦāĻā§āϤā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϏāϰ⧠āĻāϏ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧠āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āϏāĻšāϝāĻžāϤā§āϰ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āύāĻŋāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āĻāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻā§āϰā§āĻā§āϞ, āĻāĻĄā§āϰ āĻĄā§āϏāĻĒā§āϝāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Page No: 228-230
Author: Tuhin Pal
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090028
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāύā§āύā§āύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ, āĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āϏāĻšāϝā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύ āύā§, āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāύā§āύā§āύā§āϰ āĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻŦāϞāϤ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§ā§āϰ āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āϏāĻāĻāĻ āύ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ â āĻāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāĻŽā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŖāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻžā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāύā§āύā§āύā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻā§ā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ āύāĻž, āĻŦāϰāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āϝā§āĻĨ āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻā§ āĻā§ā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāύāĻāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϧāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝ⧠â āϏā§āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§ā§ āĻļāĻžāϏāύ, āĻāĻŖāϤāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻā§āĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻāϰāĻŖ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž,āĻāĻžāϤā§ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Page No: 231-235
Author: Sabnam Farha
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090029
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻļā§āϧā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϝāĻĨā§āώā§āĻ āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āĻŦāύāĻā§ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāύ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧâāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§āĻāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰā§āĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĨāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻļā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāύā§āύāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāύ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϏāĻā§āϤāύ āĻ āϏāĻā§āώāĻŽ āύāĻžāĻāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āϝā§āĻŽāύ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻāϤ āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻŽāϏā§āĻāĻŋ, āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āώā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ-āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļāĨ¤
Page No: 236-241
Author: Anamika Shil1 & Samiran Mondal2
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090030
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ):
āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύāĻāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻāϞāĻž, āύā§āϤā§āϝ āĻ āĻā§āϤ āĻ
āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻāϞ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻāϞāĻž, āύā§āϤā§āϝāĻāϞāĻž āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϤ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏ āĻšāϞ āĻĒāĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĒāĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻĒāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϰā§āϤāĻŋ, āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻ
āύā§āĻļā§āϞāύ āĻ āϏā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ, āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻ
āύāύā§āϝ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻĒāĻā§ āĻāĻ āύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§, āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ āϧāϰā§āĻŽāϤāĻžāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āϰā§āĻĒāĻžāύā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϤāύ āĻšāϞ āĻāĻāύā§āϏā§āĻā§ āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāϞāĻžāĻāĻž (UNESCO World Heritage Site) āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻļāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻā§āϤāύā§āϰ āĻāĻļā§āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻā§ āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻĒāĻā§āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžā§ āĻŦāϏāĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻāϏāĻŦ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻāύāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āϤā§āϞāĻž āĻā§āϞā§, āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āύāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§, āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ
āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰāĻ āĻāύā§āύāϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻ āĻĒāĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ āϰāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒāĻā§ā§āĻž, āĻĒāĻāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰ, āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ, āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻāϞāĻž, āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻāύāĨ¤
Page No: 242-248
Author: Sutapa Dey & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090031
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ āϝā§āĻ-āϏāĻā§āϤāύ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϏā§āϰāώā§āĻāĻž, āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āϝāĻā§āώ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŋāĻļā§āϰ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻžāϰ āϏāύā§āϤāĻžāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻ āϏāϰāĻāĻžāϰ-āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϞāĻžāĻĒā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϞāĻžāĻā§āĻāύāĻž āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻŦā§āϞāĻžāϰ āϰāĻāύāĻžāϤā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŦāύāĻāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻšāύāĨ¤ ⧧⧝⧧⧠āϏāĻžāϞā§āϰ āϰā§āĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āϞāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻŖ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļā§āώāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻāύāĻŋāϏā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āύāĻž āĻ āĻŋāĻāĻ, āϤāĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϤā§āĻ āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āϰāĻāύāĻž āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āώāĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āϰāϝāĻŧ āĻĻā§āύāύāĻŋ āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŽāύā§āώā§āϝāϤā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϧā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāĻā§ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻŽāύ⧠āĻāϰāϤā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻāϰāϤā§āύ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϧ āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻāϏāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āĻŽ āĻĻā§āϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āϤ, āύāĻžāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž āĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϏāĻā§āϤāύ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāύāύā§āĻĻ, āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻāϞ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύāύāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻĻāϰā§āĻļā§āϰāĻ āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āύāĻžāϰāĻžā§āĻŖ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžā§, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž, āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻāύāĻŋāĻāĻŽ, āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻā§āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž, āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖā§āϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āϏā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻļāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ, āĻāĻŖāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
Page No: 249-258
Author: ⤏āĨā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤Žā¤āĨā¤Žā¤Ļā¤žā¤° & ā¤ĄāĨ. ⤰āĨā¤Ēā¤ž ⤏ā¤ŋ⤍āĨā¤šā¤ž
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090032
Abstract (ā¤¸ā¤žā¤°): ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ⤏ā¤ā¤¸āĨā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ⤧ ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ⤞ā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤏āĨ⤞ā¤ŋā¤Ž ā¤ļā¤žā¤¸ā¤āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨā¤ā¤˛ ā¤ļā¤žā¤¸ā¤āĨ⤠ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤ā¤§ā¤žā¤°ā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤āĨ⤝ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤¤āĨā¤Ē⤤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ĩ⤰āĨ⤪⤍ ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ⤠⤰āĨā¤Ĩā¤žā¤¤āĨ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ā¤ŋā¤, ā¤ā¤¤āĨ⤤⤰-ā¤ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤šā¤žā¤¸ ā¤ā¤° ā¤ĩāĨā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤āĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤ļāĨ⤧ ā¤ā¤¸ ā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ž ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ⤞ā¤ā¤žā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤ŋ⤏ā¤āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤰āĨā¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ĨāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ļāĨ⤧ā¤ā¤°āĨā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ⤏āĨ⤞ā¤ŋā¤Ž ā¤ā¤° ā¤ŽāĨā¤ā¤˛ ā¤ā¤žā¤˛ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨āĨ⤠ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩā¤žā¤ĻāĨ⤝⤝ā¤ā¤¤āĨ⤰ ā¤ā¤¸ ⤠⤧āĨ⤝⤝⤍ ā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ ā¤šā¤ŋ⤏āĨā¤¸ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ⤍āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤āĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ā¤ŋ⤍āĨ⤍ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤° ā¤āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤Ē⤰ ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤°āĨā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤°ā¤¤āĨ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤ ā¤āĨ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ⤰āĨ⤪ ā¤Ēā¤šā¤˛āĨā¤ā¤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠⤏āĨ ā¤ā¤ ā¤ĩā¤āĨ⤤āĨ ā¤ā¤° ⤏āĨā¤ĢāĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤šāĨāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤šā¤žā¤¨ ā¤ĩā¤āĨ⤤āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤¤ ā¤ā¤° ⤏āĨā¤ĢāĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤¤ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤ŽāĨ⤠ā¤ļā¤žā¤Žā¤ŋ⤞ ā¤ĨāĨāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¨āĨā¤šāĨā¤ā¤¨āĨ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤āĨ ⤍⤠ā¤ļāĨ⤞ā¤ŋ⤝āĨ⤠ā¤ā¤ž ā¤Ē⤰ā¤ŋā¤ā¤¯ ā¤Ļā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žāĨ¤Â ā¤ĩā¤žā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤Ļ ā¤āĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨ ā¤āĨ⤏āĨā¤āĨ⤤⤍āĨ⤝, ā¤ŽāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Ŧā¤žā¤, ā¤°ā¤žā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤ā¤Ļ, ā¤ā¤ŦāĨ⤰ ā¤ā¤Ļā¤ŋāĨ¤ ⤏āĨā¤ĢāĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨ ā¤āĨ⤏āĨ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ā¤žā¤ŽāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤˛ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž, ā¤ŽāĨ⤍āĨā¤ĻāĨā¤ĻāĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ⤤āĨ, ā¤ĩā¤āĨā¤¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ā¤žā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤Ļā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ž ā¤āĨ ⤏āĨā¤ĢāĨ ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤žā¤āĨ⤤ā¤ŋā¤ĩā¤žā¤Ļ ⤏āĨ ā¤ĒāĨ⤰ā¤ā¤žā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤ ā¤ĨāĨāĨ¤ ā¤¯ā¤š ā¤Ēā¤¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤ā¤ŋ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤āĨā¤ĩ⤞ ā¤ļā¤žā¤šāĨā¤Ļ⤰ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤° ā¤ā¤ž ā¤šāĨ ā¤Ĩā¤žāĨ¤ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¨āĨ⤠ā¤āĨ ā¤ā¤ŋ⤏āĨ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ⤎ ā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ĩā¤ā¤ļ ā¤āĨ ā¤°ā¤žā¤ā¤ž ā¤ā¤ž ⤏ā¤ā¤°ā¤āĨ⤎⤪ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĒāĨ⤤ ā¤Ĩā¤žāĨ¤
Keywords(ā¤ŽāĨā¤āĨ⤝ ā¤ļā¤ŦāĨā¤Ļ): ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤°ā¤ž, ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ā¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤¤, ā¤Žā¤§āĨ⤝ā¤ā¤žā¤˛āĨ⤍ ⤏ā¤ā¤āĨ⤤āĨ¤
Page No: 259-263
Author: Radha Rani Roy
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090033
Abstract : Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a transformative approach that equips learners with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes necessary to address complex environmental, social, and economic challenges. This study explores the objectives, importance, and strategies for implementing ESD in the modern educational context. It emphasizes the multidimensional role of ESD in fostering cognitive development, critical thinking, ethical reasoning, behavioral change, and civic engagement among learners. The research highlights the significance of ESD in promoting environmental preservation, social equity, economic resilience, and global citizenship. Effective implementation strategies include curriculum integration across disciplines, active and experiential pedagogical approaches, teacher training and capacity building, and community and stakeholder engagement. Global and national initiatives, such as UNESCOâs Global Action Program on ESD, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (particularly Goal 4.7), and country-specific programs in Finland, Japan, and India, illustrate the worldwide recognition of education as a key driver for sustainable development.The findings underscore that ESD not only enhances learnersâ understanding of sustainability but also empowers them to become proactive agents of change, capable of making informed, responsible decisions and contributing to sustainable societies. The study concludes that collaboration among educators, policymakers, and communities is essential to maximize the impact of ESD and cultivate a generation committed to creating a sustainable, equitable, and resilient future.
Keywords : Education for Sustainable Development, Sustainability, Global Citizenship, Curriculum Integration, Pedagogy, Civic Engagement.
Page No: 264-271
Author: Dr. Srikanta Nandi & Mr. Milan Mondal
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090034
Abstract : Teacher education in India is undergoing a significant transformation with the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). National frameworks such as the National Curriculum Framework (NCF, 2005) and the National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education (NCFTE, 2009) highlight the need for teachers to be technologically skilled, reflective, and compassionate. This paper explores the role of ICT in pre-service and in-service teacher education, drawing from government initiatives like SWAYAM, NPTEL, and OERs. It reviews literature on the pedagogical impact of ICT, outlines the objectives and methodology of an exploratory study, and discusses how ICT can enhance teaching, learning, and assessment. Findings indicate that ICT not only improves access to high-quality education but also promotes critical thinking, collaborative learning, and inclusive practices, while challenges such as infrastructure gaps and teacher readiness remain.
Keywords : Teacher Education, ICT, NCF 2005, NCFTE 2009, SWAYAM, OER, Digital Initiatives, Professional Development.
Page No: 272-279
Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mandal
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03090035
Abstract : Globalization has changed the way people live, work, and communicate across the world. In India, it has brought many benefits such as better education, technology, and international connections. However, it has also created serious challenges for the preservation of indigenous Indian languages. These languages, spoken by tribal and rural communities for generations, are slowly disappearing as dominant languages like English and Hindi become more popular in schools, media, and workplaces. Young people often feel that their native languages are less useful or respected, which leads to fewer speakers and weaker cultural ties. This study, based on secondary data such as research articles, reports, and case studies, explores how globalization affects the survival of indigenous languages in India. It shows that language loss is closely linked to identity lossâwhen a language fades, a part of history, tradition, and community also disappears. The study highlights the emotional and cultural value of these languages and the urgent need to protect them. It also discusses efforts made by educators, activists, and local communities to preserve native languages through documentation, storytelling, and inclusion in school curricula. So, globalization should not lead to the erasure of indigenous voices. Instead, it should be used as a tool to promote respect for all languages and support cultural diversity. Preserving indigenous languages is not just about saving wordsâ it is about saving identities, emotions, and heritage. This study encourages society to recognize the importance of linguistic inclusion and take active steps to keep these languages alive for future generations.
Keywords : Globalization, Indigenous Languages, India, Language Loss, Cultural Identity, Tribal Communities, Language Preservation, Education, Linguistic Diversity, Social Change.
Page No: 280-286
