Year 2025 - December | Volume -3 | Issue -12

Socio-Economic and Occupational Conditions of the Scavenging Community:A Quantitative Analysis

Author: Dr. T. Thangadurai & Dr. K. Suriyan

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120001

Abstract: This study examines the socio economic and occupational conditions of the scavening community in Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, based on a sample of 50 respondents. Educational background, household circumstances, income, work experiences, health, and access to safety and rehabilitation measures are the main areas of attention for the researcher. The results underscore the difficulties encountered by this group, such as low levels of education, restricted availability of protectingequipment, hazards related to occupational health, and insufficient rehabilitation facilities.

Keywords: Socio-Economic, Occupational, Health.

Page No: 1-6

A Study on Attitude Towards Family Planning And Birth Control Among Married Women in Perambalur District, Tamilnadu

Author: Dr. T. Thangadurai, Dr. N. Gomathi & A. Sheeba

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120002

Abstract: The major challenges are family planning and birth control. According to a recent UN report, India’s population has already topped 1.26 billion this year, and if current growth rates continue, the country’s population will surpass that of China by 2028. The national fertility rate remains high, leading to long-term population growth in India. Family planning was not confined to birth control or contraception. It is important to improve the family’s economic condition and the health of the mother and her children. First, family planning highlights the importance of spacing births at least two years apart from one another. According to medical science, giving birth within a gap of more than five years or less than two years has a serious effect on the health of both the mother and child. Giving birth involves costs, and with an increase in the number of children in a family, more medical costs of pregnancy and birth are involved, along with the high costs of raising and rearing children. It is the duty of parents to provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to their children. If adopted, family planning has an effective impact on stabilizing the financial condition of any family, especially women in rural areas.

Keywords: Family Planning, Birth Control, Contraception, Awareness, Reproductive Health, Married Women.

Page No: 7-18

Nickel Toxicity in Freshwater Fish: Biochemical and Histopathological Insights with Special Reference to Channa punctatus

Author: Pralay Mahapatra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120003

Abstract: Heavy metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems has emerged as a major environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and adverse biological effects. Among these metals, nickel (Ni) occupies a unique position as an essential trace element at low concentrations but becomes highly toxic when present beyond permissible limits. Industrial effluents, mining activities, agricultural runoff, and fossil fuel combustion are primary contributors to nickel enrichment in aquatic environments. Fish, owing to their ecological relevance and sensitivity to pollutants, serve as reliable bioindicators of metal-induced toxicity. Channa punctatus, a widely distributed freshwater teleost in the Indian subcontinent, has been extensively employed in ecotoxicological investigations due to its adaptability and well-characterized physiology.

This mini review synthesizes current knowledge on the toxic effects of nickel in freshwater fish, with particular emphasis on biochemical alterations and histopathological damage reported in Channa punctatus. The review highlights the influence of physicochemical water parameters on nickel bioavailability, summarizes reported LC₅₀ values, and discusses oxidative stress–mediated biochemical disruptions in liver tissues alongside structural damage in gills. By integrating biochemical and histopathological biomarkers, this review underscores their utility in early detection of sub-lethal nickel toxicity and environmental monitoring. The paper also identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing biomarker-based frameworks for freshwater ecosystem risk assessment.

Keywords: Nickel Toxicity, Freshwater Fish, Channa punctatus, Oxidative Stress, Histopathology, Aquatic Ecotoxicology.

Page No: 19-32

Analysis of Kanyashree Prakalpa in West Bengal: A Journey Toward Women’s Empowerment

Author: Moumita Saha Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120004

Abstract: The issue of ‘Women’s Empowerment’ has gained a lot of focus and limelight in recent times. Genderization is a deep-rooted social phenomenon, while the huge disparity in male-female ratio, the severe gender gap in their literacy rates, early marriage of girl children, low female participation rates in politics, etc., are some of the indicators of highly unequal gender relations prevalent in our society. The West Bengal government introduced one such Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program in 2013 under the name “Kanyashree Prakalpa” (KP). This Prakalpa is the brainchild of the Hon’ble Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee. This scheme was implemented to empower adolescent girls, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged families, by decreasing the child marriage rate, incentivizing them to continue their education, to make them independent, and skillful to improve the status and well-being of girls. This scheme also increases the social strength and self-esteem of girls. The present study tries to find out the impact of KP on the perception of women empowerment among the beneficiaries in West Bengal. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the distribution pattern of grants and the effectiveness of this policy. The paper also tries to highlight some social issues of this policy. The study reveals that this policy has been successful in reducing child marriage as the percentage of dropout’s falls and the number of girl’s children having formal education increases in the state throughout the year.

Keywords: Child Marriage, Education, Kanyashree Prakalpa, Self-Employment, Social Awareness, Women Empowerment.

Page No: 33-49

Yoga and Physical Education: Bridging Ancient Wisdom with Modern Fitness

Author: Tapas Pramanik

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120005

Abstract: Yoga, an ancient system of holistic well-being originating in India, has gained global recognition as an effective approach to physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical education, on the other hand, represents a modern, scientifically grounded discipline aimed at promoting physical fitness, motor development, and healthy lifestyles. In contemporary educational and health paradigms, the integration of yoga into physical education has emerged as a significant interdisciplinary approach that bridges ancient wisdom with modern fitness practices. This paper examines the philosophical foundations of yoga, its relevance to physical education, and its contributions to physical fitness, mental health, emotional regulation, and holistic development. Drawing upon classical yogic texts, modern research findings, and educational policies such as India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the study highlights the role of yoga-based physical education in fostering balanced development, lifelong fitness, and value-oriented education. The paper argues that yoga, when systematically integrated into physical education curricula, can address contemporary health challenges and promote sustainable well-being.

Keywords: Yoga, Physical Education, Holistic Health, Fitness, Mental Well-Being, NEP 2020.

Page No: 50-55

Fostering ‘Future-Ready’ Skills: The Role of Digital Literacy and Critical Thinking Training in Enhancing Resilience Among Vulnerable Urban Adolescents in Government-Run Schools

Author: Krishnarup Chaudhuri, Shaswati Chakraborty Ghose & Swatilekha Pal Joarder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120006

Abstract: This study analysed the interaction between digital literacy, critical thinking, resilience and depressive symptoms with 50 secondary school students. Descriptive analyses showed moderate levels of resilience and critical thinking, although as alarming a percentage reported high levels of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 mean = 13.92). Regression analysis showed that critical thinking was the only significant positive predictor of resilience (β=1.122, p=0.001), but digital literacy and demographic variables were unrelated to resilience. However, reliability analyses resulted in unacceptably low values of Cronbach’s alpha across all scales (α ≤ 0.15), with negative coefficients for PHQ-9 and critical thinking indicative of poor item coherence or problems with scoring. Normality tests confirmed that only the resilience was normally distributed; other variables had to be tackled using non-parametric approaches. Owing to the limited number of students studied, the fact it was a single school study, and the limitations of certain measurements was not possible to use advanced modelling (such as structural equation modelling, multilevel analysis, etc.). These findings underscore the importance for ensuring the validity of an instrument in adolescent samples, and the possibility for over-interpreting of an association in the absence of good psychometric properties.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Critical Thinking, Resilience, Adolescent Mental Health, PHQ-9, Psychometric Validity.

Page No: 56-73

Reimagining Teacher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Conceptual Shifts and Emerging Paradigms

Author: Sankar Prasad Maiti & Soma Jana (Maiti)

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120007

Abstract: The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of education, compelling a fundamental rethinking of teacher education. Traditional models of teacher preparation—largely centered on content delivery, classroom management, and standardized assessment—are increasingly inadequate in addressing the demands of AI-mediated learning environments. This research article critically examines the conceptual shifts and emerging paradigms in teacher education necessitated by the integration of AI. Drawing upon interdisciplinary perspectives from educational philosophy, technology studies, and teacher professional development, the paper explores how AI reshapes pedagogical roles, knowledge construction, assessment practices, and ethical responsibilities. It argues that teacher education must move beyond technical skill acquisition towards developing AI literacy, critical digital pedagogy, ethical awareness, and humanistic values. The article also situates these transformations within contemporary policy frameworks such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, the paper envisions a future-oriented, inclusive, and reflective teacher education framework that harmonizes technological innovation with educational equity and human agency.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Teacher Education, AI Literacy, Pedagogical Agency, Ethical and Humanistic Pedagogy.

Page No: 74-78

āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϝāϜ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āφāϰāĻžāϧāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž

Author: āĻ…āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧈āϤ āϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāύāĻž

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120008

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻœā§āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ, āĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϚ⧁āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻŽā§āĻ—ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ“ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āχ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āφāϰāĻžāϧāύāĻžāĨ¤ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϜāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĻŽāĻšāϞ (āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—) āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϝāϜ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āφāĻ•āϰ āϏ⧁āϏāĻœā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϝāĻ¤ā§āύ⧇ āϞāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϝāϜ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ—āĻŖā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āϜāĻžāĻ°ā§āϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧀, āϜāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĻŽāĻšāϞ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϝāϜ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§‚āϜāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĨ¤

Page No: 79-84

The Level of Emotional Intelligence of the Learners in Distance Education

Author: M. Muthukumar & Dr. A. Edward William Benjamin

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120009

Abstract: Education in the 21st century emphasizes not only cognitive development but also the cultivation of emotional competencies that influence learning, performance, and interpersonal relationships. Recognizing, managing and regulating emotions is important in modern life. In distance education, effective communication is challenging because learners are far away and study independently. The present study looks into the emotional intelligence of distance learners enrolled in various undergraduate and postgraduate courses within South Tamil Nadu zone. A total of 300 students were randomly sampled from institutions delivering distance education programmes. A descriptive survey design was utilized with a standardized Emotional Intelligence Scale. The findings suggest that most distance learners possess a moderate level of emotional intelligence. The Course of study, gender, and age didn’t have any significant effect on the dimension of emotional intelligence. This study also demonstrated that learners with high emotional intelligence exhibited better flexibility, motivation, and resilience in learning through virtual platforms.

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Distance Education Learners, Self-Awareness, Motivation, Online learning, South Tamil Nadu.

Page No: 85-93

The Urban Underground: Subterranean Evolution and Pathogen Dynamics of Disease Vectors

Author: Dr. Rayan Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120010

Abstract: As global urbanization accelerates, the creation of extensive subterranean infrastructures—including subway networks, sewer systems, and utility conduits—has inadvertently fostered a “vertical frontier” for disease vectors. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the evolutionary divergence and ecological success of subterranean vector populations, with a primary focus on the Culex pipiens complex. In these “urban caves,” distinct selective pressures such as stable microclimates, lack of diapause triggers, and restricted mating spaces have driven the emergence of the molestus biotype. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of autogeny, specifically the constitutive activation of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene pathway, which allows for egg production in nutrient-poor underground environments.

Through comparative case studies of subterranean systems in New York City, Tokyo, and Cairo, we highlight how varying architectural and hydrological conditions lead to different patterns of genetic clustering and “island evolution.” Furthermore, the review addresses the impact of climate change, arguing that rising surface temperatures are forcing traditionally epigaeic species, such as Aedes albopictus, into subterranean refugia. These underground populations act as year-round “pathogen incubators” and bridge vectors, facilitating the transmission of arboviruses like West Nile Virus from isolated reservoirs to surface-dwelling human populations. This research concludes that modern public health surveillance must transition from a surface-centric model to a three-dimensional approach, utilizing emerging technologies like eDNA and automated acoustic monitoring to mitigate the risks posed by these hidden evolutionary hotspots.

Keywords: Subterranean Evolution, Culex pipiens f. molestus, Urban Entomology, Autogeny, Bridge Vectors, Genetic Isolation, Anthropogenic Habitats.

Page No: 94-102

Pedagogical Strategies: Teaching Methods and Approaches to Promote Student Engagement and Understanding

Author: Dr. Brijendra Bahadur Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120011

Abstract: In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the effectiveness of teaching–learning processes largely depends on the adoption of appropriate pedagogical strategies that actively engage learners and promote meaningful understanding. Pedagogical strategies refer to the systematic methods, approaches, and practices employed by teachers to facilitate learning, foster student participation, and ensure conceptual clarity. Contemporary education emphasizes a shift from traditional teacher-centred instruction to learnercentred, experiential, and inclusive pedagogies that address the diverse cognitive, emotional, and social needs of students. In this context, promoting student engagement has emerged as a central concern, as engaged learners demonstrate higher motivation, deeper understanding, and improved academic outcomes. This conceptual paper examines various pedagogical strategies that enhance student engagement and understanding in formal educational settings. It explores learner-centred and constructivist approaches that encourage active participation, critical thinking, collaboration, and knowledge construction. Emphasis is placed on experiential and activity-based learning methods such as project-based learning, problem-solving tasks, simulations, and real-life experiences, which bridge the gap between theory and practice. The paper also highlights the growing role of technology-integrated pedagogies, including blended learning, flipped classrooms, and digital collaboration platforms, in creating interactive and flexible learning environments. Further, the paper discusses assessment-oriented pedagogical practices, particularly formative assessment, feedback mechanisms, and reflective learning, as tools to support continuous learning and conceptual understanding. Inclusive pedagogical strategies are examined to address learner diversity, ensuring equity, accessibility, and participation of all students, including those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The evolving role of teachers as facilitators, mentors, and reflective practitioners is emphasized, highlighting the need for professional competence and pedagogical adaptability. Aligned with contemporary educational reforms and the National Education Policy 2020, this paper underscores the significance of pedagogical innovation in achieving holistic development, learner autonomy, and quality education. The study contributes to educational discourse by providing a comprehensive conceptual framework that can guide educators, teacher educators, and policymakers in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes through effective pedagogical strategies.

Keywords: Pedagogical Strategies, Student Engagement, Learner-Centred Teaching Experiential Learning, Inclusive Education, Teaching–Learning Process.

Page No: 103-114

Food Preferences As A Contributing Factor to Childhood Obesity

Author: Madhurima Pradhan & Dr. Abha Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120012

Abstract: Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century, affecting both developed and developing nations. Among the multifactorial causes of obesity, food preference plays a critical and modifiable role. Children’s preferences for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, influenced by biological, psychological, familial, and environmental factors, contribute substantially to excessive calorie intake and unhealthy weight gain. This article explores the relationship between food preferences and obesity, emphasizing the mechanisms through which dietary choices affect body weight, the determinants shaping children’s food preferences, and the long-term health implications of unhealthy eating patterns. Understanding these relationships is essential for designing effective nutrition education, intervention programs, and policy measures aimed at preventing childhood obesity.

Keywords: Food Preference, Childhood Obesity, Dietary Habits, Nutrition Transition, Lifestyle Factors.

Page No: 115-122

Mechanisms and Molecular Insights into Iron Deficiency Anemia: From Hematology to Cellular Biology

Author: Kalyani Jana & Dr. Abha Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120013

Abstract: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting over two billion individuals and representing a major public health concern. It disproportionately impacts children, adolescents, and women of reproductive age, contributing to increased morbidity, impaired cognitive and physical development, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. IDA arises from a multifactorial etiology, including inadequate dietary intake, increased physiological iron requirements, chronic blood loss, malabsorption syndromes, and genetic predispositions. At the cellular and molecular levels, iron deficiency impairs hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes, and triggers compensatory erythropoietic and systemic responses. The hepcidin-ferroportin axis serves as a central regulatory pathway controlling iron absorption and mobilization, while iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) modulate intracellular iron homeostasis. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, pallor, cognitive dysfunction, restless leg syndrome, and impaired immune function. Diagnosis relies on a combination of hematologic indices, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor levels, and emerging molecular biomarkers. Management strategies encompass dietary and lifestyle interventions, oral and intravenous iron supplementation, and novel therapies targeting hepcidin modulation, iron absorption, and gut microbiome interactions. Understanding the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and systemic consequences of IDA is essential for designing personalized interventions, optimizing therapeutic efficacy, and guiding future research in nutritional anemia.

Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Hemoglobin, Hepcidin, Ferroportin, Erythropoiesis, Iron Metabolism, Nutritional Deficiency, Molecular Mechanisms, Gut Microbiome.

Page No: 123-130

Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Management and Emerging Perspectives

Author: Madhuchhanda Maity & Dr. Abha Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120014

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a global health concern, affecting millions and contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The disease is classified into type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and other specific types due to monogenic or secondary causes. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and long-term vascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and regular monitoring are crucial for optimal disease management. Emerging therapies, including continuous glucose monitoring, insulin analogs, incretin-based drugs, and regenerative medicine approaches, show promise for better glycemic control and improved quality of life. This review synthesizes current knowledge on diabetes, highlighting epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, complications, and future research directions, aiming to provide a holistic understanding for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Lifestyle Modification, Complications, Management, Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Page No: 131-138

Folk Culture and Mass Education of Rāḍha : A Historical and Socio-Educational Review

Author: Shibaji Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120015

Abstract: The Rāḍha (Rarh) region — broadly spanning parts of present-day West Bengal (including Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia and adjacent districts) — is culturally rich with distinctive folk traditions and indigenous educational practices rooted in rural life. Folk culture in Rāḍha (Rarh) comprises music, dance, religious beliefs, festivals and oral lore that has historically served as a vehicle for informal education and social learning. However, modern mass education systems, shaped by colonial and post-colonial policies, have often marginalized local traditions. This article traces: the historical evolution of Rāḍha;s (Rarh’s) folk culture, how folk expression functioned as informal education, the transition to formal mass education, and contemporary efforts to reintegrate cultural knowledge systems. The review finds that folk culture not only embodies local epistemologies but also acts as an agent of community cohesion and moral development. Recognition of this has led to recent initiatives incorporating local art and narrative forms into formal education frameworks. Reasserting Rāḍha’s (Rarh’s) folk heritage within educational planning can help bridge gaps between formal schooling and indigenous knowledge, promoting inclusive and culturally responsive learning.

Keywords: Folk Culture, Rāḍha (Rarh) Region, Informal Education, Mass Education, Indigenous, Knowledge Systems.

Page No: 139-144

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural Employment Patterns

Author: Rajib Jana & Dr. Ashok Kumar Srivastava

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120016

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic created a major global economic crisis, with its impact being felt most severely in rural areas. Since rural economies largely depend on agriculture and informal labor, lockdowns, mobility restrictions, and disruptions in supply chains caused serious difficulties for rural labor markets. As a result, many people lost their jobs, income insecurity increased, and noticeable changes occurred across different sectors of employment.

This research paper analyzes changes in rural employment using secondary data sources and selected case studies from various regions. It examines labor participation rates, changes in wages, migration patterns, and access to social protection schemes. Special emphasis has been placed on the return migration of workers from urban to rural areas, increased pressure on agricultural employment, and the vulnerable condition of informal workers.

The findings indicate that the pandemic led to immediate employment crises in rural areas, along with longterm structural changes in the rural economy. The study also evaluates various policy measures adopted by the government to restore employment and protect rural livelihoods. Overall, this paper highlights the need for inclusive and sustainable employment policies to strengthen the rural economy and enhance its resilience in order to better cope with future crises.

Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Un- Employment, Rural Affections, Sustainable Employment.

Page No: 145-154

Digital Divide and ICT Access in School Education

Author: Asim Kumar Maiti

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120017

Abstract: The rapid expansion of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the landscape of school education worldwide. However, unequal access to digital resources has created a significant digital divide, particularly among school-going children. This article critically examines the concept of the digital divide and its implications for ICT access in school education. It explores the dimensions, causes, and consequences of digital inequality, with special reference to developing countries like India. The study also analyzes policy initiatives, challenges in implementation, and pedagogical implications of ICT integration. Finally, it suggests strategies to bridge the digital divide to ensure equitable, inclusive, and quality education for all learners.

Keywords: Digital Divide, ICT Access, School Education, Educational Equity, Digital Inclusion, Technology in Education.

Page No: 155-159

āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ

Author: Rajkumar Bhunia

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120018

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āϊāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āϰ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŦāϜāĻžāĻ—āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϜāύ⧀āύāϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĨ¤ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀, āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀ āωāĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻšāϜ, āĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ—āĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻš āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒ⧁āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ•āϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻ­āĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦā§‹āϧ, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ­āĻžāώāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āφāϜāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒāĻĨāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāϟāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āϰ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āψāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ, āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧃āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Page No: 160-166

āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏ⧁āϰ

Author: āĻ—ā§ŒāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϞ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120019

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻļāϤāĻ• āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞāĨ¤ āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ, āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āϚāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϰ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ—āĻāχ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇, āϝāĻž āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϕ⧀, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āϏ⧂āϚāύāĻžāϞāĻ—ā§āύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋ-āϏāĻ‚āϘāĻžāϤ, āϞāĻŋāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ“ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āϟāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϟāĻ• āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻ•āϕ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύāĻŋāĻ• āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻāχ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻŋāϞ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏāĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āύāĻžāϟāĻ•, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ•, āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĨ¤

Page No: 167-173

āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ: āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ

Author: āĻ…āĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120020

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖâ€“āĻļ⧇āĻ–āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš, āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āϞ⧋āĻ•āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž, āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻž, āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āĻŦāĻšā§āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž, āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϝ⧁āϗ⧇ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āϜāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ“ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ•āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž, āϞ⧋āĻ•āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ, āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ, āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 174-179

āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ

Author: āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āφāĻšāĻŽā§‡āĻĻ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120021

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ­āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§€āĻŖ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āφāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāσāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ•āĻĨāĻž, āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ, āĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ, āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻ•āĻĨāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ–āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāϚāύ āĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ—ā§€āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ–āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āύāĻžāĻ°ā§€â€“āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻŦ–āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ“ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻ…āύ⧁āϧāĻžāĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻŦ⧈āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāϕ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āϤāĻ–āύ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻšāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ•, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϞ⧋āĻ•āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ,āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ,āϞ⧋āĻ•āϜ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž,āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧāĨ¤

Page No: 180-188

āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāύāύāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ : āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āφāϞ⧋āϕ⧇

Author: āĻĒāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϏāĻž āϕ⧁āĻŖā§āĻĄā§

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120022

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻžāϞ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āϕ⧇āύ? āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ⧇āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āϧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧃āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āσāϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧀ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāϕ⧇ āύ⧇āĻšāĻžāϤ āϕ⧋āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧇āχ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻ­āĻĻā§āϰāϞ⧋āϕ⧇āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāĨ¤ āφāϰ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰāϟāĻž āĻāϕ⧇āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āχ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϰāĻ•āĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāϚāĻžāϰāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇, āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇, āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ“ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇, āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āϜāĻžāĻ—āĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ•āĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰ⧁āύ āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ• āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻž āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āωāĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āφāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒāĻĨ āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāύāĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĒāĻĨ āϧāϰ⧇āχ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϚāϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻļā§āϚāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻŦāχ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āσāϏāĻš āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧀āĻŽ āϧ⧈āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĢāϏāϞ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĢāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇āύ āϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻ¸ā§āϰ⧋āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āφāĻĒāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āĻļ⧇āώ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϝ⧇āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ⧇āύ, āϏ⧇āχ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŽāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝāχ āφāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āφāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§€āύ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ- ‘āϏ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ˛â€™ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāχ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧁āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€, āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻŋāύ⧀ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āĻ•, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϰ, āĻĻ⧇āĻŦ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨāĨ¤

Page No: 189-198

āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž : āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ

Author: Sumana Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120023

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϚāĻŸā§āĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āύāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻž āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āĻ—āϤ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ“ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦāĻšāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāĨ¤ ‘āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¸â€™-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϤ⧀, ‘āĻļā§āϰ⧀āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤â€™-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽā§€, ‘āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĻ¨â€™-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻŋāϰāĻŖāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž ‘āĻ—ā§ƒāĻšāĻĻāĻžāĻšâ€™-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϚāϞāĻžâ€”āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āϜāϟāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž, āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϏāĻ‚āϘāĻžāϤ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āϏāĻšāĻžāύ⧁āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻĒ⧇āϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ, āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—, āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āϠ⧁āϰāϤāĻž āĻ“ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‡ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϚāĻŸā§āĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ,āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ•āĻŖā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϰ,āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž,āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĨ¤

Page No: 199-204

Impact of Blockchain-enforced Land-Chain Systems on the Indian Economy

Author: Bipasa Sen

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120024

Abstract: After the Internet, again one of the most significant global technology hacks is Blockchain technology. Although the initial start is with innovative virtual currencies, Blockchain is now poised to support us achieve the new peak of development in every nook and corner of the industrial world where automation is needed. This nascent tech-boom enriches everything from our lifestyles to the way we conduct business. From financial institutions to voting systems, healthcare to transportation management, supply chain to Internet of Things (IOT) and Higher education to different government services influenced by the feasibility of this technological approach. Its transparent, reliable, decentralized, tamper-proof and triple entry ledger system emphasizes adoption in records keeping and transaction systems of land management systems in different countries. To protect dwellers rights of records (RoR) the Indian government also started Blockchain technology based smart transparent web-application enabled land records and land registration systems i.e. Land-Chain Systems in a few states as pilot projects. The study focuses on the present situation of land records and land registration systems and whether future prospects for adoption of Land-Chain Systems have a favorable impact on the Indian economy or not.

Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Land Records, Land Registration, Land-Chain Systems, Indian Economy.

Page No: 205-219

Biometric Attendance Management System and Administration: An Overview

Author: Dr. Pradip Dey

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120025

Abstract: The implementation of a biometric attendance maintenance system is one method to address the management of employees to confirm attendance and ensure the effective delivery of services. With rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find the easier and more effective system to help an organization to improve their employee productivity and efficiency. Employee attendance management system is an easy way to keep track on attendance of staff within organization. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable finger prints. A finger print is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming apparent. Biometrics has long been touched as a powerful tool for solving identification. In addition to growing needs for fast, accurate and dependable security biometrics technology has recently begun to enter into public consciousness. The empirical literature review indicates the attitudes of the faculties towards biometric attendance systems which are influenced by subjective norms, perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, and concerns related to privacy and technical issues. While faculty members recognize the advantages of these systems in streamlining attendance management, there are concerns about data privacy and potential errors in recognition. The findings of the study provide a foundation for the future study.

Keywords: Biometric, Finger Print, Verification, Identification, Template and Hand Geometry.

Page No: 220-230

A Review on the Development of Fuzzy Algebra and Its Logical Structures

Author: Diwakar Prasad Baranwal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120026

Abstract: Fuzzy algebra has emerged as a powerful extension of classical algebraic systems by incorporating graded membership and uncertainty. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the development of fuzzy algebra, focusing on fuzzy groups, fuzzy rings, and fuzzy algebraic logic structures such as BCK, BCI, and pseudo-BCK algebras. The paper highlights key definitions, known results, and major theoretical advances reported in the literature, along with recent trends toward intrinsic, membership-based formulations. Special emphasis is given to quotient constructions, homomorphism theorems, and fuzzy filters in implication-based algebras. The review also discusses open problems and future research directions, positioning fuzzy algebra as a mature and unified mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty.

Keywords: Fuzzy Algebra, Fuzzy Groups, Fuzzy Rings, Fuzzy Ideals, Fuzzy Filters, Pseudo-Bck Algebras, Algebraic Logic.

Page No: 231-242

NEP 2020 and Inclusive Education: Addressing Diversity, Disability, and Social Equity in the Indian Education System

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120027

Abstract: Inclusive education has emerged as a central concern in contemporary educational reforms, particularly in societies characterized by deep social, economic, and cultural diversity. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a paradigm shift in India’s approach to inclusion by explicitly foregrounding equity, access, and participation for all learners, including children from socio-economically disadvantaged groups and persons with disabilities. This qualitative study critically examines the inclusive education framework proposed under NEP 2020, focusing on diversity, disability, and social equity in the post-policy context. Drawing upon policy documents, academic literature, and institutional reports, the study analyzes the conceptual foundations, implementation strategies, and systemic challenges associated with inclusive education reforms. The findings reveal that while NEP 2020 offers a comprehensive and progressive vision aligned with global inclusive education principles, its effective realization depends on addressing structural inequalities, strengthening teacher capacity, improving infrastructural accessibility, and ensuring coordinated governance. The paper concludes with policy-oriented recommendations aimed at strengthening inclusive practices across school and higher education systems in India.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Inclusive Education, Disability, Social Equity, Diversity, Educational Reform.

Page No: 243-248