Year 2025 - December | Volume -3 | Issue -12

Education, Culture and Identity: Educational Challenges among Tribal Communities in West Bengal

Author: Mamoni Khamrai

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120001

Abstract: Education plays a critical role in preserving cultural identity while enabling socio-economic development among tribal communities. In West Bengal, tribal populations possess rich cultural traditions, languages, and knowledge systems, yet they face multiple educational challenges such as language barriers, poverty, geographical isolation, and cultural marginalization. This paper examines the relationship between education, culture, and identity among tribal communities in West Bengal. Using qualitative analysis of secondary data and scholarly literature, the study explores how educational institutions interact with indigenous cultural values and identities. The findings highlight the need for culturally responsive education, mother-tongue instruction, and inclusive policies to ensure equitable educational access and sustainable cultural preservation.

Keywords: Tribal Education, Cultural Identity, Indigenous Knowledge, Inclusive Education, West Bengal.

Page No: 1-6

рж▓рзЛржХ-ржФрж╖ржз ржУ рж▓рзЛржХ-ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛рж░ рж╕рзНржмрж░рзВржк рж╕ржирзНржзрж╛ржи ржУ ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзЗрж░ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ рждрж╛рж░ ржХржпрж╝рзЗржХржЯрж┐ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржжрзГрж╖рзНржЯрж╛ржирзНржд

Author: Amartya Panja & Dr. Chandra Sekhar Halder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120002

Abstract: рж▓рзЛржХ-ржФрж╖ржз ржУ рж▓рзЛржХ-ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛ ржорж╛ржиржмрж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗрж░ ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржЪрзАржирждржо ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛-ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржиржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛рж░ ржЕржирзНржпрждржо ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржЕржВрж╢ред ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛ржмрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржирзЗрж░ ржмрж┐ржХрж╛рж╢рзЗрж░ ржкрзВрж░рзНржмрзЗ ржЧрзНрж░рж╛ржорзАржг рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗ рж░рзЛржЧ ржирж┐рж░рж╛ржоржпрж╝рзЗрж░ ржкрзНрж░ржзрж╛ржи ржЙржкрж╛ржпрж╝ ржЫрж┐рж▓ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐ржирж┐рж░рзНржнрж░ ржнрзЗрж╖ржЬ ржЙржжрзНржнрж┐ржж, ржЖржЪрж╛рж░-ржЕржирзБрж╖рзНржарж╛ржи, ржоржирзНрждрзНрж░рждржирзНрждрзНрж░ ржПржмржВ ржЕржнрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрждрж╛рж▓ржмрзНржз ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛-ржкржжрзНржзрждрж┐ред ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзАржпрж╝ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп ржПржЗ рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржиржнрж╛ржгрзНржбрж╛рж░рзЗрж░ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрж╛ржи ржжрж▓рж┐рж▓ рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржмрж┐ржмрзЗржЪрж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝ред ржмрж┐рж╢рзЗрж╖ ржХрж░рзЗ ржоржЩрзНржЧрж▓ржХрж╛ржмрзНржп, ржмрзИрж╖рзНржгржм ржкржжрж╛ржмрж▓рж┐ ржПржмржВ ржмрж┐ржнрж┐ржирзНржи ржЖржЮрзНржЪрж▓рж┐ржХ ржХрж╛ржмрзНржпрзЗ рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛ ржУ ржнрзЗрж╖ржЬ ржмрзНржпржмрж╣рж╛рж░рзЗрж░ ржЙрж▓рзНрж▓рзЗржЦ ржкрж╛ржУржпрж╝рж╛ ржпрж╛ржпрж╝, ржпрж╛ рж╕рзЗржЗ рж╕ржоржпрж╝рзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЬрзАржмржи, ржмрж┐рж╢рзНржмрж╛рж╕ ржПржмржВ рж╕рзНржмрж╛рж╕рзНржерзНржпржЪрж░рзНржЪрж╛рж░ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржлрж▓ржи ржмрж╣ржи ржХрж░рзЗред ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзЗрж░ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ рж░рзЛржЧ-ржмрзНржпрж╛ржзрж┐ ржирж┐рж░рж╛ржоржпрж╝рзЗ ржирж┐ржоржкрж╛рждрж╛, рждрзБрж▓рж╕рзА, рж╣рж▓рзБржж, ржЖржжрж╛ ржЗрждрзНржпрж╛ржжрж┐ ржнрзЗрж╖ржЬ ржЙржкрж╛ржжрж╛ржирзЗрж░ ржмрзНржпржмрж╣рж╛рж░ ржПржмржВ ржмрж┐ржнрж┐ржирзНржи ржЖржЪрж╛рж░-ржЕржирзБрж╖рзНржарж╛ржирзЗрж░ ржмрж░рзНржгржирж╛ ржкрж╛ржУржпрж╝рж╛ ржпрж╛ржпрж╝ред ржПржЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ рж▓рзЛржХ-ржФрж╖ржз ржУ рж▓рзЛржХ-ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛рж░ ржорзМрж▓рж┐ржХ ржмрзИрж╢рж┐рж╖рзНржЯрзНржп ржУ рждрж╛рзОржкрж░рзНржп ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рж╛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржПржмржВ ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзАржпрж╝ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ рждрж╛рж░ ржХржпрж╝рзЗржХржЯрж┐ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржжрзГрж╖рзНржЯрж╛ржирзНржд ржЖрж▓рзЛржЪрж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред ржЧржмрзЗрж╖ржгрж╛ржЯрж┐ ржжрзЗржЦрж╛ржпрж╝ ржпрзЗ рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛ ржХрзЗржмрж▓ рж░рзЛржЧ ржирж┐рж░рж╛ржоржпрж╝рзЗрж░ ржЙржкрж╛ржпрж╝ ржиржпрж╝, ржмрж░ржВ ржПржЯрж┐ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНржмрж╛рж╕, ржзрж░рзНржорзАржпрж╝ ржЕржирзБрж╢рж╛рж╕ржи ржПржмржВ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐ржирж┐рж░рзНржнрж░ ржЬрзАржмржиржжрж░рзНрж╢ржирзЗрж░ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ ржЧржнрзАрж░ржнрж╛ржмрзЗ рж╕ржорзНржкрж░рзНржХрж┐рждред ржлрж▓рзЗ ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзАржпрж╝ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛-рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐рж░ ржЗрждрж┐рж╣рж╛рж╕ ржЕржирзБржзрж╛ржмржирзЗрж░ ржПржХржЯрж┐ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржЙрзОрж╕ рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржмрж┐ржмрзЗржЪрж┐ржд рж╣рждрзЗ ржкрж╛рж░рзЗред

Keywords: рж▓рзЛржХ-ржФрж╖ржз, рж▓рзЛржХ-ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛, ржоржзрзНржпржпрзБржЧрзАржпрж╝ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп, ржнрзЗрж╖ржЬ ржЪрж┐ржХрж┐рзОрж╕рж╛, ржоржЩрзНржЧрж▓ржХрж╛ржмрзНржп, рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржи, ржЧрзНрж░рж╛ржорзАржг рж╕рзНржмрж╛рж╕рзНржерзНржпржЪрж░рзНржЪрж╛ред

Page No: 7-18

Nickel Toxicity in Freshwater Fish: Biochemical and Histopathological Insights with Special Reference to Channa punctatus

Author: Pralay Mahapatra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120003

Abstract: Heavy metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems has emerged as a major environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and adverse biological effects. Among these metals, nickel (Ni) occupies a unique position as an essential trace element at low concentrations but becomes highly toxic when present beyond permissible limits. Industrial effluents, mining activities, agricultural runoff, and fossil fuel combustion are primary contributors to nickel enrichment in aquatic environments. Fish, owing to their ecological relevance and sensitivity to pollutants, serve as reliable bioindicators of metal-induced toxicity. Channa punctatus, a widely distributed freshwater teleost in the Indian subcontinent, has been extensively employed in ecotoxicological investigations due to its adaptability and well-characterized physiology.

This mini review synthesizes current knowledge on the toxic effects of nickel in freshwater fish, with particular emphasis on biochemical alterations and histopathological damage reported in Channa punctatus. The review highlights the influence of physicochemical water parameters on nickel bioavailability, summarizes reported LCтВЕтВА values, and discusses oxidative stressтАУmediated biochemical disruptions in liver tissues alongside structural damage in gills. By integrating biochemical and histopathological biomarkers, this review underscores their utility in early detection of sub-lethal nickel toxicity and environmental monitoring. The paper also identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing biomarker-based frameworks for freshwater ecosystem risk assessment.

Keywords: Nickel Toxicity, Freshwater Fish, Channa punctatus, Oxidative Stress, Histopathology, Aquatic Ecotoxicology.

Page No: 19-32

Analysis of Kanyashree Prakalpa in West Bengal: A Journey Toward WomenтАЩs Empowerment

Author: Moumita Saha Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120004

Abstract: The issue of тАШWomenтАЩs EmpowermentтАЩ has gained a lot of focus and limelight in recent times. Genderization is a deep-rooted social phenomenon, while the huge disparity in male-female ratio, the severe gender gap in their literacy rates, early marriage of girl children, low female participation rates in politics, etc., are some of the indicators of highly unequal gender relations prevalent in our society. The West Bengal government introduced one such Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program in 2013 under the name тАЬKanyashree PrakalpaтАЭ (KP). This Prakalpa is the brainchild of the HonтАЩble Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee. This scheme was implemented to empower adolescent girls, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged families, by decreasing the child marriage rate, incentivizing them to continue their education, to make them independent, and skillful to improve the status and well-being of girls. This scheme also increases the social strength and self-esteem of girls. The present study tries to find out the impact of KP on the perception of women empowerment among the beneficiaries in West Bengal. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the distribution pattern of grants and the effectiveness of this policy. The paper also tries to highlight some social issues of this policy. The study reveals that this policy has been successful in reducing child marriage as the percentage of dropoutтАЩs falls and the number of girlтАЩs children having formal education increases in the state throughout the year.

Keywords: Child Marriage, Education, Kanyashree Prakalpa, Self-Employment, Social Awareness, Women Empowerment.

Page No: 33-49

Yoga and Physical Education: Bridging Ancient Wisdom with Modern Fitness

Author: Tapas Pramanik

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120005

Abstract: Yoga, an ancient system of holistic well-being originating in India, has gained global recognition as an effective approach to physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical education, on the other hand, represents a modern, scientifically grounded discipline aimed at promoting physical fitness, motor development, and healthy lifestyles. In contemporary educational and health paradigms, the integration of yoga into physical education has emerged as a significant interdisciplinary approach that bridges ancient wisdom with modern fitness practices. This paper examines the philosophical foundations of yoga, its relevance to physical education, and its contributions to physical fitness, mental health, emotional regulation, and holistic development. Drawing upon classical yogic texts, modern research findings, and educational policies such as IndiaтАЩs National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the study highlights the role of yoga-based physical education in fostering balanced development, lifelong fitness, and value-oriented education. The paper argues that yoga, when systematically integrated into physical education curricula, can address contemporary health challenges and promote sustainable well-being.

Keywords: Yoga, Physical Education, Holistic Health, Fitness, Mental Well-Being, NEP 2020.

Page No: 50-55

Fostering тАШFuture-ReadyтАЩ Skills: The Role of Digital Literacy and Critical Thinking Training in Enhancing Resilience Among Vulnerable Urban Adolescents in Government-Run Schools

Author: Krishnarup Chaudhuri, Shaswati Chakraborty Ghose & Swatilekha Pal Joarder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120006

Abstract: This study analysed the interaction between digital literacy, critical thinking, resilience and depressive symptoms with 50 secondary school students. Descriptive analyses showed moderate levels of resilience and critical thinking, although as alarming a percentage reported high levels of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 mean = 13.92). Regression analysis showed that critical thinking was the only significant positive predictor of resilience (╬▓=1.122, p=0.001), but digital literacy and demographic variables were unrelated to resilience. However, reliability analyses resulted in unacceptably low values of CronbachтАЩs alpha across all scales (╬▒ тЙд 0.15), with negative coefficients for PHQ-9 and critical thinking indicative of poor item coherence or problems with scoring. Normality tests confirmed that only the resilience was normally distributed; other variables had to be tackled using non-parametric approaches. Owing to the limited number of students studied, the fact it was a single school study, and the limitations of certain measurements was not possible to use advanced modelling (such as structural equation modelling, multilevel analysis, etc.). These findings underscore the importance for ensuring the validity of an instrument in adolescent samples, and the possibility for over-interpreting of an association in the absence of good psychometric properties.

Keywords: Digital Literacy, Critical Thinking, Resilience, Adolescent Mental Health, PHQ-9, Psychometric Validity.

Page No: 56-73

Reimagining Teacher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Conceptual Shifts and Emerging Paradigms

Author: Sankar Prasad Maiti & Soma Jana (Maiti)

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120007

Abstract: The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of education, compelling a fundamental rethinking of teacher education. Traditional models of teacher preparationтАФlargely centered on content delivery, classroom management, and standardized assessmentтАФare increasingly inadequate in addressing the demands of AI-mediated learning environments. This research article critically examines the conceptual shifts and emerging paradigms in teacher education necessitated by the integration of AI. Drawing upon interdisciplinary perspectives from educational philosophy, technology studies, and teacher professional development, the paper explores how AI reshapes pedagogical roles, knowledge construction, assessment practices, and ethical responsibilities. It argues that teacher education must move beyond technical skill acquisition towards developing AI literacy, critical digital pedagogy, ethical awareness, and humanistic values. The article also situates these transformations within contemporary policy frameworks such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, the paper envisions a future-oriented, inclusive, and reflective teacher education framework that harmonizes technological innovation with educational equity and human agency.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Teacher Education, AI Literacy, Pedagogical Agency, Ethical and Humanistic Pedagogy.

Page No: 74-78

ржжржХрзНрж╖рж┐ржг-ржкрж╢рзНржЪрж┐ржо ржмржЩрзНржЧрзЗрж░ ржЖржжрж┐ржмрж╛рж╕рзА ржУ ржЕржирзНрждрзНржпржЬ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗрж░ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐ ржЖрж░рж╛ржзржирж╛ ржУ ржкрж░рж┐ржмрзЗрж╢ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛

Author: ржЕржжрзНржмрзИржд ржХрзБржорж╛рж░ рж░рж╛ржирж╛

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120008

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржЪрзАржи ржХрж╛рж▓ ржерзЗржХрзЗржЗ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐рж░ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ рж╢рзНрж░ржжрзНржзрж╛рж╢рзАрж▓ ржУ ржХрзГрждржЬрзНржЮ ржЫрж┐рж▓ред ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐рж░ рж╕рзМржирзНржжрж░рзНржп, ржмрзИржЪрж┐рждрзНрж░рзНржп ржУ ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржЪрзБрж░рзНржп ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖ржХрзЗ ржорзБржЧрзНржз ржХрж░рзЗред ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐рж░ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржнрж╛рж▓рзЛржмрж╛рж╕рж╛ ржУ рж╢рзНрж░ржжрзНржзрж╛ ржерзЗржХрзЗржЗ ржЬржирзНржоржЧрзНрж░рж╣ржг ржХрж░рзЗ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐ ржЖрж░рж╛ржзржирж╛ред ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╕ржоржпрж╝рзЗ ржкрж░рж┐ржмрзЗрж╢ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛рж░ ржзрж╛рж░ржгрж╛ ржмрж┐ржХрж╢рж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред рждржмрзЗ ржЬржЩрзНржЧрж▓ржорж╣рж▓ (ржжржХрзНрж╖рж┐ржг-ржкрж╢рзНржЪрж┐ржо ржмржЩрзНржЧ) ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓рзЗ ржЖржжрж┐ржмрж╛рж╕рзА ржУ ржЕржирзНрждрзНржпржЬ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗрж░ ржзрж░рзНржоржЪрж░рзНржЪрж╛ржпрж╝ ржПржЦржирзЛ ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржЖржХрж░ рж╕рзБрж╕ржЬрзНржЬрж┐ржд ржУ ржЕрждрж┐ржпрждрзНржирзЗ рж▓рж╛рж▓рж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЪрж▓рзЗржЫрзЗред ржпрж╛ ржкрж╛рж▓ржирзЗ рж╕рж╛ржзрж╛рж░ржг рж╕ржорзНржкрзНрж░ржжрж╛ржпрж╝рзЗрж░ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржерзЗржХрзЗ ржЖржжрж┐ржмрж╛рж╕рзА ржУ ржЕржирзНрждрзНржпржЬ рж╕ржорзНржкрзНрж░ржжрж╛ржпрж╝рзЗрж░ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛ ржЕржЧрзНрж░ржЧржгрзНржпржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржжрзЗржЦрж╛ ржпрж╛ржпрж╝ рждрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржкрзВржЬрж╛рж░рзНржЪржирж╛рж░ ржоржзрзНржп ржжрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): ржЖржжрж┐ржмрж╛рж╕рзА, ржЬржЩрзНржЧрж▓ржорж╣рж▓ ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓, ржЕржирзНрждрзНржпржЬ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬ, ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐, ржкрзВржЬрж╛, ржкрж░ржмред

Page No: 79-84

The Level of Emotional Intelligence of the Learners in Distance Education

Author: M. Muthukumar & Dr. A. Edward William Benjamin

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120009

Abstract: Education in the 21st century emphasizes not only cognitive development but also the cultivation of emotional competencies that influence learning, performance, and interpersonal relationships. Recognizing, managing and regulating emotions is important in modern life. In distance education, effective communication is challenging because learners are far away and study independently. The present study looks into the emotional intelligence of distance learners enrolled in various undergraduate and postgraduate courses within South Tamil Nadu zone. A total of 300 students were randomly sampled from institutions delivering distance education programmes. A descriptive survey design was utilized with a standardized Emotional Intelligence Scale. The findings suggest that most distance learners possess a moderate level of emotional intelligence. The Course of study, gender, and age didnтАЩt have any significant effect on the dimension of emotional intelligence. This study also demonstrated that learners with high emotional intelligence exhibited better flexibility, motivation, and resilience in learning through virtual platforms.

Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Distance Education Learners, Self-Awareness, Motivation, Online learning, South Tamil Nadu.

Page No: 85-93

The Urban Underground: Subterranean Evolution and Pathogen Dynamics of Disease Vectors

Author: Dr. Rayan Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120010

Abstract: As global urbanization accelerates, the creation of extensive subterranean infrastructuresтАФincluding subway networks, sewer systems, and utility conduitsтАФhas inadvertently fostered a тАЬvertical frontierтАЭ for disease vectors. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the evolutionary divergence and ecological success of subterranean vector populations, with a primary focus on the Culex pipiens complex. In these тАЬurban caves,тАЭ distinct selective pressures such as stable microclimates, lack of diapause triggers, and restricted mating spaces have driven the emergence of the molestus biotype. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of autogeny, specifically the constitutive activation of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene pathway, which allows for egg production in nutrient-poor underground environments.

Through comparative case studies of subterranean systems in New York City, Tokyo, and Cairo, we highlight how varying architectural and hydrological conditions lead to different patterns of genetic clustering and тАЬisland evolution.тАЭ Furthermore, the review addresses the impact of climate change, arguing that rising surface temperatures are forcing traditionally epigaeic species, such as Aedes albopictus, into subterranean refugia. These underground populations act as year-round тАЬpathogen incubatorsтАЭ and bridge vectors, facilitating the transmission of arboviruses like West Nile Virus from isolated reservoirs to surface-dwelling human populations. This research concludes that modern public health surveillance must transition from a surface-centric model to a three-dimensional approach, utilizing emerging technologies like eDNA and automated acoustic monitoring to mitigate the risks posed by these hidden evolutionary hotspots.

Keywords: Subterranean Evolution, Culex pipiens f. molestus, Urban Entomology, Autogeny, Bridge Vectors, Genetic Isolation, Anthropogenic Habitats.

Page No: 94-102

Pedagogical Strategies: Teaching Methods and Approaches to Promote Student Engagement and Understanding

Author: Dr. Brijendra Bahadur Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120011

Abstract: In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the effectiveness of teachingтАУlearning processes largely depends on the adoption of appropriate pedagogical strategies that actively engage learners and promote meaningful understanding. Pedagogical strategies refer to the systematic methods, approaches, and practices employed by teachers to facilitate learning, foster student participation, and ensure conceptual clarity. Contemporary education emphasizes a shift from traditional teacher-centred instruction to learnercentred, experiential, and inclusive pedagogies that address the diverse cognitive, emotional, and social needs of students. In this context, promoting student engagement has emerged as a central concern, as engaged learners demonstrate higher motivation, deeper understanding, and improved academic outcomes. This conceptual paper examines various pedagogical strategies that enhance student engagement and understanding in formal educational settings. It explores learner-centred and constructivist approaches that encourage active participation, critical thinking, collaboration, and knowledge construction. Emphasis is placed on experiential and activity-based learning methods such as project-based learning, problem-solving tasks, simulations, and real-life experiences, which bridge the gap between theory and practice. The paper also highlights the growing role of technology-integrated pedagogies, including blended learning, flipped classrooms, and digital collaboration platforms, in creating interactive and flexible learning environments. Further, the paper discusses assessment-oriented pedagogical practices, particularly formative assessment, feedback mechanisms, and reflective learning, as tools to support continuous learning and conceptual understanding. Inclusive pedagogical strategies are examined to address learner diversity, ensuring equity, accessibility, and participation of all students, including those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The evolving role of teachers as facilitators, mentors, and reflective practitioners is emphasized, highlighting the need for professional competence and pedagogical adaptability. Aligned with contemporary educational reforms and the National Education Policy 2020, this paper underscores the significance of pedagogical innovation in achieving holistic development, learner autonomy, and quality education. The study contributes to educational discourse by providing a comprehensive conceptual framework that can guide educators, teacher educators, and policymakers in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes through effective pedagogical strategies.

Keywords: Pedagogical Strategies, Student Engagement, Learner-Centred Teaching Experiential Learning, Inclusive Education, TeachingтАУLearning Process.

Page No: 103-114

Food Preferences As A Contributing Factor to Childhood Obesity

Author: Madhurima Pradhan & Dr. Abha Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120012

Abstract: Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century, affecting both developed and developing nations. Among the multifactorial causes of obesity, food preference plays a critical and modifiable role. ChildrenтАЩs preferences for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, influenced by biological, psychological, familial, and environmental factors, contribute substantially to excessive calorie intake and unhealthy weight gain. This article explores the relationship between food preferences and obesity, emphasizing the mechanisms through which dietary choices affect body weight, the determinants shaping childrenтАЩs food preferences, and the long-term health implications of unhealthy eating patterns. Understanding these relationships is essential for designing effective nutrition education, intervention programs, and policy measures aimed at preventing childhood obesity.

Keywords: Food Preference, Childhood Obesity, Dietary Habits, Nutrition Transition, Lifestyle Factors.

Page No: 115-122

Mechanisms and Molecular Insights into Iron Deficiency Anemia: From Hematology to Cellular Biology

Author: Kalyani Jana & Dr. Abha Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120013

Abstract: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting over two billion individuals and representing a major public health concern. It disproportionately impacts children, adolescents, and women of reproductive age, contributing to increased morbidity, impaired cognitive and physical development, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. IDA arises from a multifactorial etiology, including inadequate dietary intake, increased physiological iron requirements, chronic blood loss, malabsorption syndromes, and genetic predispositions. At the cellular and molecular levels, iron deficiency impairs hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes, and triggers compensatory erythropoietic and systemic responses. The hepcidin-ferroportin axis serves as a central regulatory pathway controlling iron absorption and mobilization, while iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) modulate intracellular iron homeostasis. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, pallor, cognitive dysfunction, restless leg syndrome, and impaired immune function. Diagnosis relies on a combination of hematologic indices, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor levels, and emerging molecular biomarkers. Management strategies encompass dietary and lifestyle interventions, oral and intravenous iron supplementation, and novel therapies targeting hepcidin modulation, iron absorption, and gut microbiome interactions. Understanding the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and systemic consequences of IDA is essential for designing personalized interventions, optimizing therapeutic efficacy, and guiding future research in nutritional anemia.

Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Hemoglobin, Hepcidin, Ferroportin, Erythropoiesis, Iron Metabolism, Nutritional Deficiency, Molecular Mechanisms, Gut Microbiome.

Page No: 123-130

Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Review of Pathophysiology, Management and Emerging Perspectives

Author: Madhuchhanda Maity & Dr. Abha Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120014

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a global health concern, affecting millions and contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The disease is classified into type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and other specific types due to monogenic or secondary causes. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and long-term vascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and regular monitoring are crucial for optimal disease management. Emerging therapies, including continuous glucose monitoring, insulin analogs, incretin-based drugs, and regenerative medicine approaches, show promise for better glycemic control and improved quality of life. This review synthesizes current knowledge on diabetes, highlighting epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, complications, and future research directions, aiming to provide a holistic understanding for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Lifestyle Modification, Complications, Management, Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Page No: 131-138

Folk Culture and Mass Education of R─Бс╕Нha : A Historical and Socio-Educational Review

Author: Shibaji Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120015

Abstract: The R─Бс╕Нha (Rarh) region тАФ broadly spanning parts of present-day West Bengal (including Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia and adjacent districts) тАФ is culturally rich with distinctive folk traditions and indigenous educational practices rooted in rural life. Folk culture in R─Бс╕Нha (Rarh) comprises music, dance, religious beliefs, festivals and oral lore that has historically served as a vehicle for informal education and social learning. However, modern mass education systems, shaped by colonial and post-colonial policies, have often marginalized local traditions. This article traces: the historical evolution of R─Бс╕Нha;s (RarhтАЩs) folk culture, how folk expression functioned as informal education, the transition to formal mass education, and contemporary efforts to reintegrate cultural knowledge systems. The review finds that folk culture not only embodies local epistemologies but also acts as an agent of community cohesion and moral development. Recognition of this has led to recent initiatives incorporating local art and narrative forms into formal education frameworks. Reasserting R─Бс╕НhaтАЩs (RarhтАЩs) folk heritage within educational planning can help bridge gaps between formal schooling and indigenous knowledge, promoting inclusive and culturally responsive learning.

Keywords: Folk Culture, R─Бс╕Нha (Rarh) Region, Informal Education, Mass Education, Indigenous, Knowledge Systems.

Page No: 139-144

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural Employment Patterns

Author: Rajib Jana & Dr. Ashok Kumar Srivastava

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120016

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic created a major global economic crisis, with its impact being felt most severely in rural areas. Since rural economies largely depend on agriculture and informal labor, lockdowns, mobility restrictions, and disruptions in supply chains caused serious difficulties for rural labor markets. As a result, many people lost their jobs, income insecurity increased, and noticeable changes occurred across different sectors of employment.

This research paper analyzes changes in rural employment using secondary data sources and selected case studies from various regions. It examines labor participation rates, changes in wages, migration patterns, and access to social protection schemes. Special emphasis has been placed on the return migration of workers from urban to rural areas, increased pressure on agricultural employment, and the vulnerable condition of informal workers.

The findings indicate that the pandemic led to immediate employment crises in rural areas, along with longterm structural changes in the rural economy. The study also evaluates various policy measures adopted by the government to restore employment and protect rural livelihoods. Overall, this paper highlights the need for inclusive and sustainable employment policies to strengthen the rural economy and enhance its resilience in order to better cope with future crises.

Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Un- Employment, Rural Affections, Sustainable Employment.

Page No: 145-154

Digital Divide and ICT Access in School Education

Author: Asim Kumar Maiti

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120017

Abstract: The rapid expansion of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the landscape of school education worldwide. However, unequal access to digital resources has created a significant digital divide, particularly among school-going children. This article critically examines the concept of the digital divide and its implications for ICT access in school education. It explores the dimensions, causes, and consequences of digital inequality, with special reference to developing countries like India. The study also analyzes policy initiatives, challenges in implementation, and pedagogical implications of ICT integration. Finally, it suggests strategies to bridge the digital divide to ensure equitable, inclusive, and quality education for all learners.

Keywords: Digital Divide, ICT Access, School Education, Educational Equity, Digital Inclusion, Technology in Education.

Page No: 155-159

ржИрж╢рзНржмрж░ржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░рзЗрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржнрж╛ржмржирж╛рзЯ ржорж╛рждрзГржнрж╛рж╖рж╛рж░ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржм

Author: Rajkumar Bhunia

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120018

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): ржКржиржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждрж╛ржмрзНржжрзАрж░ ржнрж╛рж░рждрзАржпрж╝ ржиржмржЬрж╛ржЧрж░ржгрзЗрж░ ржЕржирзНржпрждржо ржкрзНрж░ржзрж╛ржи ржмрзНржпржХрзНрждрж┐рждрзНржм ржИрж╢рзНржмрж░ржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░ ржЫрж┐рж▓рзЗржи ржПржХржЬржи ржмрж┐рж╢рж┐рж╖рзНржЯ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржмрж┐ржж, рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрж╛рж░ржХ ржУ ржорж╛ржиржмрждрж╛ржмрж╛ржжрзА ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛ржмрж┐ржжред рждрж╛ржБрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржжрж░рзНрж╢ржирзЗрж░ ржорзВрж▓ ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ ржЫрж┐рж▓ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ рж╕рж╛рж░рзНржмржЬржирзАржирждрж╛, ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржз ржПржмржВ ржорж╛рждрзГржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржкрзНрж░ржпрж╝рзЛржЧред рждрзОржХрж╛рж▓рзАржи рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ ржпрзЗржЦрж╛ржирзЗ ржЙржЪрзНржЪржмрж░рзНржг ржУ ржкрзБрж░рзБрж╖ржХрзЗржирзНржжрзНрж░рж┐ржХ ржЫрж┐рж▓, рж╕рзЗржЦрж╛ржирзЗ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ ржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛ржХрзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзА, ржирж┐ржорзНржиржмрж░рзНржг ржУ ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржирзНрждрж┐ржХ ржЬржиржЧрзЛрж╖рзНржарзАрж░ ржЬржирзНржп ржЙржирзНржорзБржХрзНржд ржХрж░рж╛рж░ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж╕рзА ржЙржжрзНржпрзЛржЧ ржЧрзНрж░рж╣ржг ржХрж░рзЗржиред ржмрж┐рж╢рзЗрж╖ржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржХрзЗ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржорж╛ржзрзНржпржо рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐рж╖рзНржарж╛ ржХрж░рзЗ рждрж┐ржирж┐ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржХрзЗ рж╕рж╣ржЬ, ржмрзЛржзржЧржорзНржп ржУ ржЧржгржорзБржЦрзА ржХрж░рзЗ рждрзЛрж▓рзЗржиред ржмрж░рзНржгржкрж░рж┐ржЪржпрж╝ рж╕рж╣ рждрж╛ржБрж░ рж░ржЪрж┐ржд ржкрж╛ржарзНржпржкрзБрж╕рзНрждржХрж╕ржорзВрж╣ ржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржкрж╛рж╢рж╛ржкрж╛рж╢рж┐ ржпрзБржХрзНрждрж┐ржмрзЛржз, ржирзИрждрж┐ржХрждрж╛ ржУ ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХ ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛рж░ ржмрж┐ржХрж╛рж╢рзЗ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛ ржкрж╛рж▓ржи ржХрж░рзЗред

ржПржЗ ржЧржмрзЗрж╖ржгрж╛ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░рзЗрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржжрж░рзНрж╢ржи ржУ ржорж╛рждрзГржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржзрж╛рж░ржгрж╛ржХрзЗ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рзЗ рждрж╛ рж╕ржоржХрж╛рж▓рзАржи рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛рж░ ржкрзНрж░рзЗржХрзНрж╖рж┐рждрзЗ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпрж╛ржпрж╝ржи ржХрж░рж╛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржирзАрждрж┐, ржмрж╣рзБржнрж╛рж╖рж┐ржХрждрж╛ ржУ ржЕржирзНрждрж░рзНржнрзБржХрзНрждрж┐ржорзВрж▓ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржЖрж▓рзЛржЪржирж╛ржпрж╝ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░рзЗрж░ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛ ржЖржЬржУ ржкрзНрж░рж╛рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрж┐ржХ ржУ ржкржержирж┐рж░рзНржжрзЗрж╢ржХред ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзржЯрж┐ ржжрзЗржЦрж╛рждрзЗ ржЪрзЗржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржпрзЗ ржорж╛рждрзГржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржЧрзБржгржЧржд ржорж╛ржи ржмрзГржжрзНржзрж┐, рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░рзНржерзАрж░ ржЖрждрзНржоржмрж┐рж╢рзНржмрж╛рж╕ ржУ ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржирж╛рж░рзНржЬржирзЗрж░ ржЧржнрзАрж░рждрж╛ ржмрзГржжрзНржзрж┐рждрзЗ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛ ржкрж╛рж▓ржи ржХрж░рзЗред ржЕрждржПржм, рж╕ржоржХрж╛рж▓рзАржи рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬ ржорзЛржХрж╛ржмрж┐рж▓рж╛ржпрж╝ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░рзЗрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржнрж╛ржмржирж╛ ржПржХржЯрж┐ ржХрж╛рж░рзНржпржХрж░ ржжрж╛рж░рзНрж╢ржирж┐ржХ ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ ржкрзНрж░ржжрж╛ржи ржХрж░рзЗред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): ржИрж╢рзНржмрж░ржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░, рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржжрж░рзНрж╢ржи, ржорж╛рждрзГржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛, ржЕржирзНрждрж░рзНржнрзБржХрзНрждрж┐ржорзВрж▓ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛, рж╕ржоржХрж╛рж▓рзАржи рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржирзАрждрж┐ред

Page No: 160-166

ржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХрзЗрж░ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХ ржУ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ рж╕рзБрж░

Author: ржЧрзМржбрж╝ ржоржирзНржбрж▓

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120019

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): ржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХрзЗрж░ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХ ржХрзЗржмрж▓ржорж╛рждрзНрж░ ржмрж┐ржирзЛржжржирзЗрж░ ржПржХ ржорж╛ржзрзНржпржо рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ рж╕рзАржорж╛ржмржжрзНржз ржЫрж┐рж▓ ржирж╛; ржмрж░ржВ ржПржЯрж┐ рж╕ржоржХрж╛рж▓рзАржи рж╕ржорж╛ржЬ, рж░рж╛ржЬржирзАрждрж┐ ржУ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛рж░ ржПржХ рж╢ржХрзНрждрж┐рж╢рж╛рж▓рзА ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж┐ржорзНржм рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржЖрждрзНржоржкрзНрж░ржХрж╛рж╢ ржХрж░рзЗржЫрж┐рж▓ред ржПржЗ рж╢рждржХ ржЫрж┐рж▓ ржПржХржЗ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрж┐ржХ ржиржмржЪрзЗрждржирж╛рж░ ржмрж┐ржХрж╛рж╢ ржПржмржВ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЙрждрзНрждрж░ржг ржУ рж╕ржВржХржЯрзЗрж░ рж╕ржоржпрж╝ржХрж╛рж▓ред ржФржкржирж┐ржмрзЗрж╢рж┐ржХ рж╢рж╛рж╕ржирзЗрж░ ржЕржмрж╕рж╛ржи, ржЬрж╛рждрзАржпрж╝рждрж╛ржмрж╛ржжрзА ржЖржирзНржжрзЛрж▓ржирзЗрж░ ржЙрждрзНржерж╛ржи, рж╕рж╛ржорзНржпржмрж╛ржжрзА ржУ ржорж╛рж░рзНржХрж╕ржмрж╛ржжрзА ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛рж░ ржкрзНрж░рж╕рж╛рж░, ржирж╛рж░рзАржорзБржХрзНрждрж┐ ржЖржирзНржжрзЛрж▓ржи ржПржмржВ ржкрж╛рж╢рзНржЪрж╛рждрзНржп ржирж╛ржЯрзНржпрж░рзАрждрж┐рж░ ржкрзНрж░ржнрж╛ржмтАФржПржЗ ржмрж╣рзБржорж╛рждрзНрж░рж┐ржХ ржЙржкрж╛ржжрж╛ржирж╕ржорзВрж╣ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХрзЗрж░ ржХрж╛ржарж╛ржорзЛ, ржмрж┐рж╖ржпрж╝ржмрж╕рзНрждрзБ ржУ ржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржХрзЗ ржЧржнрзАрж░ржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░ржнрж╛ржмрж┐ржд ржХрж░рзЗржЫрзЗред ржПрж░ ржлрж▓рзЗ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржПржХржЯрж┐ рж╕рзНржмрждржирзНрждрзНрж░ ржУ ржмрж╣рзБрж╕рзНржмрж░рж┐ржХ ржзрж╛рж░рж╛ ржЧржбрж╝рзЗ ржУржарзЗ, ржпрж╛ рж╕рж░рж╛рж╕рж░рж┐ рж░рж╛ржЬржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржмржХрзНрждржмрзНржп ржерзЗржХрзЗ рж╢рзБрж░рзБ ржХрж░рзЗ ржкрзНрж░рждрзАржХрзА, ржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржУ ржжрж╛рж░рзНрж╢ржирж┐ржХ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ рж░рзВржк ржзрж╛рж░ржг ржХрж░рзЗред

ржПржЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рж╛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржХрзАржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХрзЗрж░ рж╢рзБрж░рзБ ржерзЗржХрзЗ ржПржХржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХрзЗрж░ рж╕рзВржЪржирж╛рж▓ржЧрзНржи ржкрж░рзНржпржирзНржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЕрж╕рж╛ржорзНржп, рж░рж╛ржЬржирзИрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рзЛрж╖ржг, рж╢рзНрж░рзЗржгрж┐-рж╕ржВржШрж╛ржд, рж▓рж┐ржЩрзНржЧ ржмрзИрж╖ржорзНржп ржПржмржВ ржЬрж╛рждрзАржпрж╝ ржУ рж░рж╛рж╖рзНржЯрзНрж░рзАржпрж╝ рж╕ржВржХржЯржХрзЗ ржирж╛ржЯрзНржпрж░рзВржкрзЗ ржкрзНрж░ржХрж╛рж╢ ржХрж░рзЗржЫрзЗред ржмрж┐рж╢рзЗрж╖ржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржЖрж▓рзЛржЪрж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржмрж┐рж╢рж┐рж╖рзНржЯ ржУ ржкрзНрж░ржнрж╛ржмрж╢рж╛рж▓рзА ржирж╛ржЯрзНржпржХрж╛рж░ржжрзЗрж░ ржЕржмржжрж╛ржи, ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзА ржирж╛ржЯрзНржпржзрж╛рж░рж╛рж░ ржХрзНрж░ржоржмрж┐ржХрж╛рж╢, ржПржмржВ ржирж╛ржЯржХ ржХрзАржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржПржХржЯрж┐ рж╕ржХрзНрж░рж┐ржпрж╝ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржорж╛ржзрзНржпржо рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржжрж░рзНрж╢ржХржХрзЗ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛ ржУ ржкрзНрж░рж╢рзНржирзЗрж░ ржорзБржЦрзЛржорзБржЦрж┐ ржжрж╛ржБржбрж╝ ржХрж░рж┐ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред ржкрж╛рж╢рж╛ржкрж╛рж╢рж┐ ржирж╛ржЯржХрзЗрж░ ржирж╛ржирзНржжржирж┐ржХ рж╕рзАржорж╛ржмржжрзНржзрждрж╛ ржУ рж╕ржорзНржнрж╛ржмржирж╛рж░ ржжрж┐ржХржЧрзБрж▓рж┐ржУ ржПржЗ ржЖрж▓рзЛржЪржирж╛ржпрж╝ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржм рж╕рж╣ржХрж╛рж░рзЗ ржмрж┐ржмрзЗржЪрж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред рж╕рж╛ржоржЧрзНрж░рж┐ржХржнрж╛ржмрзЗ, ржПржЗ ржЧржмрзЗрж╖ржгрж╛ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХржХрзЗ ржПржХржЯрж┐ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржжрж▓рж┐рж▓ ржУ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ рж╢рж┐рж▓рзНржкржорж╛ржзрзНржпржо рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпрж╛ржпрж╝ржирзЗрж░ ржПржХржЯрж┐ ржкрзНрж░ржпрж╝рж╛рж╕ред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржирж╛ржЯржХ, ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржж, рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛, рж░рж╛ржЬржирзИрждрж┐ржХ рж╕ржЪрзЗрждржирждрж╛, ржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХ, ржирж╛ржЯрзНржпржХрж╛рж░ред

Page No: 167-173

ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржпрж╝ рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ ржУ рж▓рзЛржХржЖржЦрзНржпрж╛ржирзЗрж░ рж╕ржВржпрзЛржЬржи: рж╕ржорзНржнрж╛ржмржирж╛ ржУ ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬ

Author: ржЕрж╣рж┐ржжрж╛ рж░рж╣ржорж╛ржи

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120020

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛ржпрж╝ рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ ржУ рж▓рзЛржХржЖржЦрзНржпрж╛ржирзЗрж░ рж╕ржВржпрзЛржЬржи рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖ржгтАУрж╢рзЗржЦржи ржкрзНрж░ржХрзНрж░рж┐ржпрж╝рж╛ржХрзЗ ржЕржзрж┐ржХ ржЕрж░рзНржержмрж╣, ржЕржВрж╢ржЧрзНрж░рж╣ржгржорзВрж▓ржХ ржУ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рж╛рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрж┐ржХ ржХрж░рзЗ рждрзБрж▓рждрзЗ ржкрж╛рж░рзЗред рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржЬрзАржмржиржжрж░рзНрж╢ржи, ржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржз, рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЖржЪрж░ржг ржУ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржпржмрж╛рж╣рзА ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржи ржмрж╣ржи ржХрж░рзЗ, ржпрж╛ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░рзНржерзАржжрзЗрж░ ржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржУ ржорж╛ржирж╕рж┐ржХ ржмрж┐ржХрж╛рж╢рзЗ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛ ржкрж╛рж▓ржи ржХрж░рзЗред ржкрж╛ржарзНржпржХрзНрж░ржорзЗ рж▓рзЛржХржЖржЦрзНржпрж╛ржирзЗрж░ ржмрзНржпржмрж╣рж╛рж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░рзНржерзАржжрзЗрж░ ржнрж╛рж╖рж╛ржЧржд ржжржХрзНрж╖рждрж╛, рж╕рзГржЬржирж╢рзАрж▓ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛, ржХрж▓рзНржкржирж╛рж╢ржХрзНрждрж┐ ржУ рж╕ржорж╛рж▓рзЛржЪржирж╛ржорзВрж▓ржХ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрзНрж╖ржорждрж╛ ржмрзГржжрзНржзрж┐ ржХрж░рждрзЗ рж╕рж╣рж╛ржпрж╝ржХред ржмрж┐рж╢рзЗрж╖ржд ржмрж╣рзБрж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрзЗ ржПржЯрж┐ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржкрж░рж┐ржЪржпрж╝ рж░ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ ржУ ржкрж╛рж░рж╕рзНржкрж░рж┐ржХ рж╢рзНрж░ржжрзНржзрж╛ржмрзЛржз ржЧржаржирзЗ рж╕рж╣рж╛ржпрж╝рждрж╛ ржХрж░рзЗред рждржмрзЗ ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржпрж╝ рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ рж╕ржВржпрзЛржЬржирзЗрж░ ржХрзНрж╖рзЗрждрзНрж░рзЗ ржХрж┐ржЫрзБ ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬржУ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпржорж╛ржиред ржПрж░ ржоржзрзНржпрзЗ рж░ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржорж╛ржирж╕ржорзНржоржд ржкрж╛ржарзНржпржмрж╕рзНрждрзБ ржирж┐рж░рзНржмрж╛ржЪржирзЗрж░ рж╕ржорж╕рзНржпрж╛, ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж▓ржХрзНрж╖рзНржпрзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛ржерзЗ рж╕рж╛ржоржЮрзНржЬрж╕рзНржпрждрж╛, рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖ржХ ржкрзНрж░рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖ржгрзЗрж░ ржЕржнрж╛ржм ржПржмржВ ржкрж░рзАржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржирж┐рж░рзНржнрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛ржпрж╝ рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗрж░ ржХрж╛рж░рзНржпржХрж░ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпрж╛ржпрж╝ржи ржкржжрзНржзрждрж┐рж░ рж╕рзАржорж╛ржмржжрзНржзрждрж╛ред ржПржЫрж╛ржбрж╝рж╛ ржкрзНрж░ржпрзБржХрзНрждрж┐ржирж┐рж░рзНржнрж░ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛рж░ ржпрзБржЧрзЗ рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ржХрзЗ ржЖржХрж░рзНрж╖ржгрзАржпрж╝ржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржЙржкрж╕рзНржерж╛ржкржи ржХрж░рж╛ржУ ржПржХржЯрж┐ ржмржбрж╝ ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬред ржПржЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржпрж╝ рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛ ржУ рж▓рзЛржХржЖржЦрзНржпрж╛ржи рж╕ржВржпрзЛржЬржирзЗрж░ рж╕ржорзНржнрж╛ржмржирж╛ ржУ ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬрж╕ржорзВрж╣ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рзЗ ржХрж╛рж░рзНржпржХрж░ ржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржмрж╛ржпрж╝ржирзЗрж░ ржжрж┐ржХржирж┐рж░рзНржжрзЗрж╢ржирж╛ ржкрзНрж░ржжрж╛ржи ржХрж░рж╛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛, рж▓рзЛржХржЖржЦрзНржпрж╛ржи, ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛, рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржп, ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржзржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ржХ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ред

Page No: 174-179

рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ ржУ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржп

Author: рж╕рж╛рж╣рж╛ржмрзБржжрзНржжрж┐ржи ржЖрж╣ржорзЗржж

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120021

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ ржУ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржпрзЗрж░ ржПржХ рж╕ржорзГржжрзНржз ржнрж╛ржгрзНржбрж╛рж░, ржпрзЗржЦрж╛ржирзЗ ржЧрзНрж░рж╛ржорзАржг ржЬрзАржмржирзЗрж░ ржЕржирзБржнржм, ржмрж┐рж╢рзНржмрж╛рж╕, рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ рж░рзАрждрж┐, ржзрж░рзНржорзАржпрж╝ ржЖржЪрж╛рж░ ржУ ржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржз рж╕рзНржмрждржГрж╕рзНржлрзВрж░рзНрждржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржлрж▓рж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред рж▓рзЛржХржХржерж╛, ржкрж╛рж▓рж╛ржЧрж╛ржи, ржоржЩрзНржЧрж▓ржХрж╛ржмрзНржп, ржмрзНрж░рждржХржерж╛, ржкрзНрж░ржмрж╛ржжтАУржкрзНрж░ржмржЪржи ржУ рж▓рзЛржХржЧрзАрждрж┐ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржжрзИржиржирзНржжрж┐ржи ржЬрзАржмржирж╕ржВржЧрзНрж░рж╛ржо, ржЖржиржирзНржжтАУржмрзЗржжржирж╛, ржкрзНрж░ржХрзГрждрж┐рж░ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рж╕ржорзНржкрж░рзНржХ ржПржмржВ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛ржХрзЗ рж░рзВржк ржжрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред ржПржЗ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп ржкрзНрж░ржЬржирзНржо ржерзЗржХрзЗ ржкрзНрж░ржЬржирзНржорзЗ ржорзМржЦрж┐ржХржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмрж╛рж╣рж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЬрж╛рждрж┐рж░ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржкрж░рж┐ржЪржпрж╝ рж╕ржВрж░ржХрзНрж╖ржгрзЗ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржмржкрзВрж░рзНржг ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛ ржкрж╛рж▓ржи ржХрж░рзЗржЫрзЗред рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗрж░ ржорж╛ржзрзНржпржорзЗ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛, ржирж╛рж░рзАтАУржкрзБрж░рзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржнрзВржорж┐ржХрж╛, ржХрзГрж╖рж┐ржирж┐рж░рзНржнрж░ ржЕрж░рзНржержирзАрждрж┐, ржЙрзОрж╕ржмтАУржкрж╛рж░рзНржмржг ржУ рж▓рзЛржХржмрж┐рж╢рзНржмрж╛рж╕рзЗрж░ рж╕рзНржмрж░рзВржк ржЕржирзБржзрж╛ржмржи ржХрж░рж╛ ржпрж╛ржпрж╝ред ржЖржзрзБржирж┐ржХрждрж╛рж░ ржкрзНрж░ржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржпржЦржи ржмрзИрж╢рзНржмрж┐ржХ рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ рж╕рзНржерж╛ржирзАржпрж╝ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржпржХрзЗ ржЪрзНржпрж╛рж▓рзЗржЮрзНржЬ ржЬрж╛ржирж╛ржЪрзНржЫрзЗ, рждржЦржи рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ ржирж┐ржЬрж╕рзНржм рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХрзЗ ржЯрж┐ржХрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗ рж░рж╛ржЦрж╛рж░ рж╢ржХрзНрждрж┐рж╢рж╛рж▓рзА ржорж╛ржзрзНржпржо рж╣рж┐рж╕рзЗржмрзЗ ржмрж┐ржмрзЗржЪрж┐ржд рж╣ржЪрзНржЫрзЗред ржПржХржЗ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ ржПржЯрж┐ рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржорзВрж▓ржХ ржУ ржирзИрждрж┐ржХ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржз ржЧржаржирзЗ рж╕рж╣рж╛ржпрж╝рждрж╛ ржХрж░рзЗ ржПржмржВ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ рж╕ржВрж╣рждрж┐ ржУ рж╕рж╛ржорж╖рзНржЯрж┐ржХ ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛ржХрзЗ ржжрзГржврж╝ ржХрж░рзЗред ржПржЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржлрж▓рж┐ржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ ржУ ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржпрзЗрж░ ржмрж╣рзБржорж╛рждрзНрж░рж┐ржХ ржжрж┐ржХ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рзЗ ржПрж░ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ, рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржорзВрж▓ржХ ржУ рж╕рж╛ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐ржХ ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржм рждрзБрж▓рзЗ ржзрж░рж╛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): рж▓рзЛржХрж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржп, ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ рж╕ржВрж╕рзНржХрзГрждрж┐,ржРрждрж┐рж╣рзНржп,рж▓рзЛржХржЬ ржЬрзАржмржиржзрж╛рж░рж╛,рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржорзВрж▓рзНржпржмрзЛржзред

Page No: 180-188

ржЕржХрзНрж╖ржпрж╝ржХрзБржорж╛рж░ ржжрждрзНрждрзЗрж░ ржЬрзАржмржи ржУ ржоржиржиржжрж░рзНрж╢ржи : ржПржХржмрж┐ржВрж╢ рж╢рждржХрзЗрж░ ржЖрж▓рзЛржХрзЗ

Author: ржкрж┐ржкрж╛рж╕рж╛ ржХрзБржгрзНржбрзБ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120022

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): ржмрж╛ржЩрзНржЧрж╛рж▓рзАржжрзЗрж░ ржХрж╛ржЫрзЗ ржЕржХрзНрж╖ржпрж╝ ржХрзБржорж╛рж░ржжрждрзНржд ржХрж╛рж░рзНржпржд ржмрж┐рж╕рзНрждрзГржд ржХрзЗржи? ржмрж╛ржЩрж╛рж▓рж┐ ржмрж┐рж╕рзНржорж░ржг ржкрзНрж░ржмржи ржЬрж╛рждрж┐ ржПржХржерж╛ ржмрж▓рзЗ ржП ржкрзНрж░рж╢рзНржирзЗрж░ ржЙрждрзНрждрж░ ржжрзЗржУржпрж╝рж╛ ржпрж╛ржмрзЗ ржирж╛ред рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж╛ржХрзНрж╖рзЗрждрзНрж░рзЗ ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж░рзЗрж░ ржмрж╣рзБржзрж╛ ржмрж┐рж╕рзНрждрзГржд ржкрзНрж░рж╛рждрж┐рж╖рзНржарж╛ржирж┐ржХ ржЙржкрж╕рзНржерж┐рждрж┐, рждрж╛рж░ ржжрзБржГрж╕рж╛рж╣рж╕рзА ржмрж╣рзБржорзБржЦрзА рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржмрзНржпржХрзНрждрж┐рждрзНржм ржУ ржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржм ржХрж░рзНржоржХрж╛ржгрзНржбржХрзЗ ржирзЗрж╣рж╛ржд ржХрзЛржиржнрж╛ржмрзЗржЗ ржЕрж╕рзНржмрзАржХрж╛рж░ ржХрж░рж╛ ржпрж╛ржпрж╝ ржирж╛ ржмрж▓рзЗржЗ ржЖржорж░рж╛ ржмрж╛ржЩрж╛рж▓рж┐ ржнржжрзНрж░рж▓рзЛржХрзЗрж░рж╛ рждрж╛рж░ ржирж╛ржоржЯрж┐ ржоржирзЗ рж░рж╛ржЦрждрзЗ ржмрж╛ржзрзНржп рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрж┐ред ржЖрж░ ржЕржХрзНрж╖ржпрж╝ржХрзБржорж╛рж░рзЗрж░ ржХрзНрж╖рзЗрждрзНрж░рзЗ рждрзЛ ржмрзНржпрж╛ржкрж╛рж░ржЯрж╛ ржПржХрзЗржмрж╛рж░рзЗржЗ ржЕржирзНржпрж░ржХржоред рждрж╛рж░ ржХрж╛ржЬрзЗрж░ ржХрзНрж╖рзЗрждрзНрж░ ржЫрж┐рж▓ рж╕рзАржорж┐рждред ржмрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржи ржкрзНрж░ржЪрж╛рж░ржХ рж░рзВржкрзЗ, рждрждрзНрждрзНржмржмрзЛржзрж┐ржирзА ржкрждрзНрж░рж┐ржХрж╛рж░ рж╕ржорзНржкрж╛ржжржХ рж░рзВржкрзЗ, ржжрж░рзНрж╢ржирзЗрж░ ржиржм ржмрзНржпрж╛ржЦрзНржпрж╛ржХрж╛рж░ ржУ ржЗрждрж┐рж╣рж╛рж╕ржХрж╛рж░ рж░рзВржкрзЗ, ржнрж╛рж╖рж╛рждрждрзНрждрзНржм ржУ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬрждрждрзНрждрзНржмрзЗрж░ ржЧржмрзЗрж╖ржХ рж░рзВржкрзЗ, рж╢рж┐ржХрзНрж╖рж┐ржд ржмрж╛ржЩрж╛рж▓рж┐ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖рзЗрж░ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржгрж╛рждрзНржоржХ ржмрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржи ржЪрзЗрждржирж╛ ржЬрж╛ржЧрж╛ржирзЛрж░ ржоржзрзНржпрзЗ рждрж╛рж░ ржХрж░рзНржоржХрж╛ржгрзНржб рж╕рзАржорж╛ржпрж╝рж┐ржд ржЫрж┐рж▓ред ржмрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржиржоржирж╕рзНржХ ржпрзБржХрзНрждрж┐рж╢рзАрж▓рждрж╛ржХрзЗ ржирзНржпрж╛ржпрзНржп ржЧрзБрж░рзБрждрзНржм ржжрзЗржУржпрж╝рж╛рж░ ржжрж░рзБржи ржжрзЗржмрзЗржирзНржжрзНрж░ржирж╛ржерзЗрж░ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рждрж╛рж░ ржорждржкрж╛рж░рзНржержХрзНржп рж╣ржпрж╝, ржЫрж╛ржбрж╝рждрзЗ рж╣ржпрж╝ рждрждрзНрждрзНржмржмрзЛржзрж┐ржирзАрж░ рж╕ржорзНржкрж╛ржжржХ ржкржжред ржорж╕рзНрждрж┐рж╖рзНржХ ржЪрж░рзНржЪрж╛ ржЫрж╛ржбрж╝рж╛ ржЙржкрж╛рж░рзНржЬржирзЗрж░ ржЖрж░ ржХрзЛржи ржкрже рждрж╛рж░ ржЬрж╛ржирж╛ ржЫрж┐рж▓ ржирж╛ред рж╕рзЗржЗ ржкрже ржзрж░рзЗржЗ рж╕рж╛рж░рж╛ ржЬрзАржмржи ржЪрж▓рзЗржЫрж┐рж▓рзЗржиред ржкрзНрж░ржержо ржЬрзАржмржирзЗрж░ ржЖрж░рзНржерж┐ржХ ржЕржирж┐рж╢рзНржЪржпрж╝рждрж╛ ржХрж╛ржЯрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЙржарзЗржЫрж┐рж▓рзЗржи рж╢рзБржзрзБ ржмржЗ рж▓рж┐ржЦрзЗред ржжрзБржГрж╕рж╣ рж╢рж╛рж░рзАрж░рж┐ржХ ржУ ржорж╛ржирж╕рж┐ржХ ржХрж╖рзНржЯрзЗрж░ ржоржзрзНржпрзЗ ржЕрж╕рзАржо ржзрзИрж░рзНржпрзЗ ржЕржХрж▓рзНржкржирзАржпрж╝ ржкрж░рж┐рж╢рзНрж░ржорзЗ ржпрзЗ ржЕржорзВрж▓рзНржп ржлрж╕рж▓ рждрж┐ржирж┐ ржлрж▓рж┐ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЧрзЗрж▓рзЗржи рждрж╛ ржерзЗржХрзЗ ржкрзБржгрзНржп ржЕрж░рзНржЬржи ржХрж░рж╛рж░ ржХрзЛржи ржжрж╛ржпрж╝ ржЖржорж░рж╛ ржкрж░ржмрж░рзНрждрзА ржХрж╛рж▓рзЗ ржЕржирзБржнржм ржХрж░рж┐ржирж┐ред рждрж╛рж░ржЗ ржкрж░рж┐ржгрждрж┐ ржЖржЬржХрзЗрж░ ржПржЗ ржмрж┐рж╕рзНржорзГрждрж┐ред ржпрзЗ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж╕рзЗрж░ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рждрж┐ржирж┐ ржорзВрж▓ рж╕рзНрж░рзЛрждрзЗрж░ ржмрж┐рж░рзЛржзрж┐рждрж╛ ржХрж░рзЗ ржЖржкржи рж╕рзНржмрж╛рждржирзНрждрзНрж░рзНржп ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐рж╖рзНржарж╛ ржХрж░рзЗржЫрж┐рж▓рзЗржи, рж╢рзЗрж╖ ржжрж┐ржи ржкрж░рзНржпржирзНржд ржпрзЗржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржЕржирзБрж╕ржирзНржзрж╛ржи ржмрзГрждрзНрждрж┐ржХрзЗ ржЬрж╛ржЧрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗ рж░рзЗржЦрзЗржЫрж┐рж▓рзЗржи, рж╕рзЗржЗ ржорзБржХрзНрждржоржи рж╕рж╛рж╣рж╕рж┐ржХрждрж╛рж░ ржЬржирзНржпржЗ ржЖрж░ рждрж┐ржирж┐ ржЖржорж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржХрж╛ржЫрзЗ ржирждрзБржи ржХрж░рзЗ ржЕржкрж░рж┐рж╣рж╛рж░рзНржп рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЙржарзЗржЫрзЗржиред ржЖржкрзНржд ржмрж╛ржХрзНржпрзЗрж░ ржкрж╛ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЪрж┐ржирзНрждрж╛рж╣рзАржи ржЖрждрзНржорж╕ржорж░рзНржкржг ржиржпрж╝- тАШрж╕рзБржирж┐рж░рзНржорж▓тАЩ ржмрзИржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржирж┐ржХ ржмрзБржжрзНржзрж┐ рж╢рж╛рж╕рж┐ржд ржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржмржорзБржЦрзА ржЬрзАржмржиржЪрж░рзНржЪрж╛ржпрж╝ ржЙржжрзНржмрзБржжрзНржз ржХрж░рж╛ржЗ ржЕржХрзНрж╖ржпрж╝ржХрзБржорж╛рж░ ржжрждрзНрждрзЗрж░ рж╕ржмржЪрзЗржпрж╝рзЗ ржмржбрж╝ ржЕржмржжрж╛ржиред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): ржпрзБржХрзНрждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзА, рждрждрзНрждрзНржмржмрзЛржзрж┐ржирзА ржкрждрзНрж░рж┐ржХрж╛, ржмрж┐ржЬрзНржЮрж╛ржиржоржирж╕рзНржХ, ржмрж┐ржжрзНржпрж╛рж╕рж╛ржЧрж╛рж░, ржжрзЗржмрзЗржирзНржжрзНрж░ржирж╛ржеред

Page No: 189-198

ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржХржгрзНржарж╕рзНржмрж░ ржУ ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХрждрж╛ : рж╢рж░рзОржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░рзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпржХрж░рзНржорзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░рзЗрж░ ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг

Author: Sumana Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120023

Abstract(рж╕рж╛рж░рж╕ржВржХрзНрж╖рзЗржк): рж╢рж░рзОржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржЪржЯрзНржЯрзЛржкрж╛ржзрзНржпрж╛ржпрж╝рзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпржХрж░рзНржорзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░ ржПржХ ржЕржиржирзНржп ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХ ржУ ржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржм рж░рзВржкрзЗ ржЙржкрж╕рзНржерж╛ржкрж┐ржд рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред рждрж╛ржБрж░ ржЙржкржирзНржпрж╛рж╕ ржУ ржЧрж▓рзНржкрзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░рж╛ ржХрзЗржмрж▓ ржкрж╛рж░рж┐ржмрж╛рж░рж┐ржХ ржмрж╛ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржкрж░рж┐рж╕рж░рзЗрж░ ржЕржирзНрждрж░рзНржЧржд ржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░ ржиржпрж╝, ржмрж░ржВ рждрж╛рж░рж╛ ржирж┐ржЬрзЗржжрзЗрж░ ржЕржирзБржнрзВрждрж┐, ржмрзЗржжржирж╛, ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржж ржУ ржЖрждрзНржоржорж░рзНржпрж╛ржжрж╛рж░ ржХржгрзНржарж╕рзНржмрж░ ржмрж╣ржиржХрж╛рж░рзА рж╕рзНржмрждржирзНрждрзНрж░ рж╕рждрзНрждрж╛ред тАШржжрзЗржмржжрж╛рж╕тАЩ-ржПрж░ ржкрж╛рж░рзНржмрждрзА, тАШрж╢рзНрж░рзАржХрж╛ржирзНрждтАЩ-ржПрж░ рж░рж╛ржЬрж▓ржХрзНрж╖рзНржорзА, тАШржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░рж╣рзАржитАЩ-ржПрж░ ржХрж┐рж░ржгржоржпрж╝рзА ржХрж┐ржВржмрж╛ тАШржЧрзГрж╣ржжрж╛рж╣тАЩ-ржПрж░ ржЕржЪрж▓рж╛тАФржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржЯрж┐ ржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░рзЗрж░ ржоржзрзНржп ржжрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗ рж╢рж░рзОржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржорж╛ржирж╕рж┐ржХ ржЬржЯрж┐рж▓рждрж╛, ржЖрждрзНржорж╕ржВржШрж╛ржд ржУ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬржирж┐рж░рзНржзрж╛рж░рж┐ржд рж╕рзАржорж╛ржмржжрзНржзрждрж╛ржХрзЗ ржЧржнрзАрж░ рж╕рж╣рж╛ржирзБржнрзВрждрж┐рж░ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рждрзБрж▓рзЗ ржзрж░рзЗржЫрзЗржиред рждрж╛ржБрж░ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХрждрж╛ ржкрзНрж░ржХрж╛рж╢ ржкрзЗржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рзЗржо, рждрзНржпрж╛ржЧ, рж╕рж╣ржирж╢рзАрж▓рждрж╛ ржУ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржмрж╣рзБржорж╛рждрзНрж░рж┐ржХ рж░рзВржкрзЗред ржПржХржЗ рж╕ржЩрзНржЧрзЗ рждрж┐ржирж┐ ржкрзБрж░рзБрж╖рждрж╛ржирзНрждрзНрж░рж┐ржХ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬржмрзНржпржмрж╕рзНржерж╛рж░ ржирж┐рж╖рзНржарзБрж░рждрж╛ ржУ ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржЬрж┐ржХ ржЕржмрж┐ржЪрж╛рж░ржХрзЗ рж╕рзНржкрж╖рзНржЯржнрж╛ржмрзЗ ржкрзНрж░рж╢рзНржи ржХрж░рзЗржЫрзЗржиред ржПржЗ ржкрзНрж░ржмржирзНржзрзЗ рж╢рж░рзОржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░рзЗрж░ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпржХрж░рзНржорзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржХржгрзНржарж╕рзНржмрж░ ржУ ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХрждрж╛рж░ рж╕рзНржмрж░рзВржк ржмрж┐рж╢рзНрж▓рзЗрж╖ржг ржХрж░рзЗ ржжрзЗржЦрж╛ржирзЛ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ ржпрзЗ, рждрж┐ржирж┐ ржирж╛рж░рзАржжрзЗрж░ ржкрзНрж░рждрж┐ ржкржХрзНрж╖ржкрж╛рждрж┐рждрзНржм ржиржпрж╝, ржмрж░ржВ ржЧржнрзАрж░ ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХ ржжрзГрж╖рзНржЯрж┐ржнржЩрзНржЧрж┐ ржерзЗржХрзЗ рждрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржЬрзАржмржиржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржмрждрж╛ржХрзЗ рж╢рж┐рж▓рзНржкрж░рзВржк ржжрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗржиред рждрж╛ржБрж░ ржирж╛рж░рзАржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ рж╕рж╛рж╣рж┐рждрзНржпрзЗ ржирж╛рж░рзАржорзБржХрзНрждрж┐ ржУ ржорж╛ржиржмрждрж╛ржмрж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржПржХ рж╢ржХрзНрждрж┐рж╢рж╛рж▓рзА ржнрж┐рждрзНрждрж┐ ржирж┐рж░рзНржорж╛ржг ржХрж░рзЗржЫрзЗред

Keywords(ржорзВрж▓ рж╢ржмрзНржж): рж╢рж░рзОржЪржирзНржжрзНрж░ ржЪржЯрзНржЯрзЛржкрж╛ржзрзНржпрж╛ржпрж╝, ржирж╛рж░рзАржЪрж░рж┐рждрзНрж░,ржирж╛рж░рзАрж░ ржХржгрзНржарж╕рзНржмрж░,ржорж╛ржиржмрж┐ржХрждрж╛,ржкрзБрж░рзБрж╖рждрж╛ржирзНрждрзНрж░рж┐ржХ рж╕ржорж╛ржЬред

Page No: 199-204

Impact of Blockchain-enforced Land-Chain Systems on the Indian Economy

Author: Bipasa Sen

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120024

Abstract: After the Internet, again one of the most significant global technology hacks is Blockchain technology. Although the initial start is with innovative virtual currencies, Blockchain is now poised to support us achieve the new peak of development in every nook and corner of the industrial world where automation is needed. This nascent tech-boom enriches everything from our lifestyles to the way we conduct business. From financial institutions to voting systems, healthcare to transportation management, supply chain to Internet of Things (IOT) and Higher education to different government services influenced by the feasibility of this technological approach. Its transparent, reliable, decentralized, tamper-proof and triple entry ledger system emphasizes adoption in records keeping and transaction systems of land management systems in different countries. To protect dwellers rights of records (RoR) the Indian government also started Blockchain technology based smart transparent web-application enabled land records and land registration systems i.e. Land-Chain Systems in a few states as pilot projects. The study focuses on the present situation of land records and land registration systems and whether future prospects for adoption of Land-Chain Systems have a favorable impact on the Indian economy or not.

Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Land Records, Land Registration, Land-Chain Systems, Indian Economy.

Page No: 205-219

Biometric Attendance Management System and Administration: An Overview

Author: Dr. Pradip Dey

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120025

Abstract: The implementation of a biometric attendance maintenance system is one method to address the management of employees to confirm attendance and ensure the effective delivery of services. With rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find the easier and more effective system to help an organization to improve their employee productivity and efficiency. Employee attendance management system is an easy way to keep track on attendance of staff within organization. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable finger prints. A finger print is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming apparent. Biometrics has long been touched as a powerful tool for solving identification. In addition to growing needs for fast, accurate and dependable security biometrics technology has recently begun to enter into public consciousness. The empirical literature review indicates the attitudes of the faculties towards biometric attendance systems which are influenced by subjective norms, perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, and concerns related to privacy and technical issues. While faculty members recognize the advantages of these systems in streamlining attendance management, there are concerns about data privacy and potential errors in recognition. The findings of the study provide a foundation for the future study.

Keywords: Biometric, Finger Print, Verification, Identification, Template and Hand Geometry.

Page No: 220-230

A Review on the Development of Fuzzy Algebra and Its Logical Structures

Author: Diwakar Prasad Baranwal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120026

Abstract: Fuzzy algebra has emerged as a powerful extension of classical algebraic systems by incorporating graded membership and uncertainty. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the development of fuzzy algebra, focusing on fuzzy groups, fuzzy rings, and fuzzy algebraic logic structures such as BCK, BCI, and pseudo-BCK algebras. The paper highlights key definitions, known results, and major theoretical advances reported in the literature, along with recent trends toward intrinsic, membership-based formulations. Special emphasis is given to quotient constructions, homomorphism theorems, and fuzzy filters in implication-based algebras. The review also discusses open problems and future research directions, positioning fuzzy algebra as a mature and unified mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty.

Keywords: Fuzzy Algebra, Fuzzy Groups, Fuzzy Rings, Fuzzy Ideals, Fuzzy Filters, Pseudo-Bck Algebras, Algebraic Logic.

Page No: 231-242

NEP 2020 and Inclusive Education: Addressing Diversity, Disability, and Social Equity in the Indian Education System

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120027

Abstract: Inclusive education has emerged as a central concern in contemporary educational reforms, particularly in societies characterized by deep social, economic, and cultural diversity. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a paradigm shift in IndiaтАЩs approach to inclusion by explicitly foregrounding equity, access, and participation for all learners, including children from socio-economically disadvantaged groups and persons with disabilities. This qualitative study critically examines the inclusive education framework proposed under NEP 2020, focusing on diversity, disability, and social equity in the post-policy context. Drawing upon policy documents, academic literature, and institutional reports, the study analyzes the conceptual foundations, implementation strategies, and systemic challenges associated with inclusive education reforms. The findings reveal that while NEP 2020 offers a comprehensive and progressive vision aligned with global inclusive education principles, its effective realization depends on addressing structural inequalities, strengthening teacher capacity, improving infrastructural accessibility, and ensuring coordinated governance. The paper concludes with policy-oriented recommendations aimed at strengthening inclusive practices across school and higher education systems in India.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Inclusive Education, Disability, Social Equity, Diversity, Educational Reform.

Page No: 243-248

ржжржХрзНрж╖рж┐ржг-ржкрж╢рзНржЪрж┐ржо рж╕рзАржорж╛ржирзНржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ ржорж╣рж┐рж▓рж╛ ржХржмрж┐ : ржЕрж░рзНржкрж┐рждрж╛ ржХрзБржгрзНржбрзБ

Author: Ruma Mahata

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120028

Abstract: ржжржХрзНрж╖рж┐ржг-ржкрж╢рзНржЪрж┐ржо рж╕рзАржорж╛ржирзНржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛ ржЬржЩрзНржЧрж▓рж╛ржХрзАрж░рзНржг, ржХрж╛ржБржХрзБрж░рзЗ-ржкрж╛ржерж░рзЗ ржорж╛ржЯрж┐ржЗ ржПрж░ ржмрзЗрж╢рж┐рж░ржнрж╛ржЧ ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓ ржЬрзБржбрж╝рзЗ рж░ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗред ржПржЗ ржХрж╛рж░ржгрзЗржЗ ржПржЗ ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓ ржжрж╛рж░рж┐ржжрзНрж░рзНржпржкрзВрж░рзНржгред ржХрзГрж╖рж┐ржХрж╛ржЬ рж╕рж╛ржорж╛ржирзНржп ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓ ржЬрзБржбрж╝рзЗ рж░ржпрж╝рзЗржЫрзЗ, рж╢рж┐рж▓рзНржк ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржпрж╝ ржирзЗржЗ ржмрж▓рж▓рзЗржЗ ржЪрж▓рзЗред ржпрж╛рж░ ржлрж▓рж╕рзНржмрж░рзВржк ржПржЗ ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓рзЗрж░ ржкрзНрж░рж╛ржпрж╝ ржмрзЗрж╢рж┐рж░ржнрж╛ржЧ ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖ржЗ ржжрж╛рж░рж┐ржжрзНрж░рждрж╛рж░ ржоржзрзНржп ржжрж┐ржпрж╝рзЗржЗ ржЬрзАржмржиржпрж╛ржкржи ржХрж░рзЗ ржерж╛ржХрзЗред ржЖржорж╛ржжрзЗрж░ ржЖрж▓рзЛржЪрзНржп ржорж╣рж┐рж▓рж╛ ржХржмрж┐ ржЕрж░рзНржкрж┐рждрж╛ ржХрзБржгрзНржбрзБрж░ ржХржмрж┐рждрж╛рж░ ржмрж┐рж╖ржпрж╝ржмрж╕рзНрждрзБ рж╣ржпрж╝рзЗ ржЙржарзЗржЫрзЗ рж╕рзАржорж╛ржирзНржд ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛рж░ ржПржЗ ржЕржЮрзНржЪрж▓рзЗрж░┬а ржорж╛ржирзБрж╖ржжрзЗрж░ ржмрж╛рж╕рзНрждржм┬а ржЬрзАржмржиржЪрж┐рждрзНрж░ред рж╢рзВржирзНржп ржжрж╢ржХрзЗрж░ ржЙрж▓рзНрж▓рзЗржЦржпрзЛржЧрзНржп ржорж╣рж┐рж▓рж╛ ржХржмрж┐ ржЕрж░рзНржкрж┐рждрж╛ ржХрзБржгрзНржбрзБред ржпрж┐ржирж┐ ржорзВрж▓ржд ржзрзНрж░рзБржкржжрзА рж╢ржмрзНржж ржмрзНржпржмрж╣рж╛рж░ ржХрж░рзЗ ржирждрзБржи ржЖржЩрзНржЧрж┐ржХрзЗ ржХржмрж┐рждрж╛ рж░ржЪржирж╛ ржХрж░рзЗржиред

Keywords: ржЧрж╛ржЩрзНржЧрзЗржпрж╝, ржорж░рж╛ржЗ, рж╣рж┐ржорж╣рж╛ржбрж╝, ржХрж┐рждржХрж┐ржд, рж░рж┐ржХрж╢рж╛, ржмрзАржгрж╛ред

Page No: 249-259

Awareness of ICT among School Level Teachers

Author: Sanjoy Halder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120029

Abstract: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an integral component of modern education systems worldwide. TeachersтАЩ awareness and understanding of ICT play a crucial role in integrating technology into classroom teaching and improving learning outcomes. The present study explores the level of ICT awareness among school-level teachers and examines its implications for teaching practices. The study also highlights the importance of ICT literacy in enhancing pedagogical effectiveness, professional development, and digital learning environments. Through descriptive analysis, the research discusses teachersтАЩ perceptions, usage patterns, and challenges associated with ICT adoption. The findings emphasize the need for systematic training, infrastructure support, and policy initiatives to enhance ICT awareness among teachers.

Keywords: ICT Awareness, School Teachers, Digital Literacy, Technology Integration, Educational Technology.

Page No: 260-265

рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рд╢реНрд░рдо рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдЧрд┐рдЧ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХрд╛ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡

Author: Sumit Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120029

Abstract: рдкрд┐рдЫрд▓реЗ рдПрдХ рджрд╢рдХ рдореЗрдВ рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рддрдХрдиреАрдХреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рддреЗрдЬрд╝ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рдиреЗ рд╡реИрд╢реНрд╡рд┐рдХ рд╢реНрд░рдо рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╕рдВрд░рдЪрдирд╛ рдХреЛ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдмрджрд▓ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдХреЗ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдорд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдк рдПрдХ рдирдИ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдЙрднрд░рдХрд░ рд╕рд╛рдордиреЗ рдЖрдИ рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ Gig Economy рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╢реНрд░рдорд┐рдХ рдкрд╛рд░рдВрдкрд░рд┐рдХ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдпреА рдиреМрдХрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдЕрд╕реНрдерд╛рдпреА, рдкреНрд░реЛрдЬреЗрдХреНрдЯ-рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдпрд╛ рдкреНрд▓реЗрдЯрдлреЙрд░реНрдо-рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рдкреНрд▓реЗрдЯрдлреЙрд░реНрдо рдЬреИрд╕реЗ Uber, Zomato рдФрд░ Swiggy рдиреЗ рд▓рд╛рдЦреЛрдВ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдП рд╣реИрдВред

рдЗрд╕ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рдХрд╛ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рд╢реНрд░рдо рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдФрд░ рдЧрд┐рдЧ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХреЗ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд▓реЗрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рд╢реЛрдз рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░реЛрдВ, рдЖрдп рдХреЗ рдкреИрдЯрд░реНрди, рд╢реНрд░рдорд┐рдХ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛, рдФрд░ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рдкрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЕрдзреНрдпрдпрди рд╕реЗ рдпрд╣ рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд░реНрд╖ рдирд┐рдХрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЧрд┐рдЧ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдирдП рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╢реНрд░рдорд┐рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдЕрд╕реНрдерд┐рд░рддрд╛, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдЬрд┐рдХ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреА рдХрдореА рдФрд░ рдЖрдп рдЕрд╕рдорд╛рдирддрд╛ рдЬреИрд╕реА рдЪреБрдиреМрддрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рднреА рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИред

Keywords: рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рд╢реНрд░рдо рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░, рдЧрд┐рдЧ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛, рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░, рдлреНрд░реАрд▓рд╛рдВрд╕рд┐рдВрдЧ, рд╢реНрд░рдо рдмрд╛рдЬрд╛рд░ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди, рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рдкреНрд▓реЗрдЯрдлреЙрд░реНрдо, рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдирдП рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░.

Page No: 266-270

A Comparative Study on Test Anxiety among Male and Female Student Teachers

Author: Dr. Bhagyadhar Pramanik

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120031

Abstract: Purpose of the present study was to find out the test anxiety level on selected psychological variables between teacher training institutes located in West Medinipur Districts. 100 male student teachers and 100 female student teachers were used as subjects. Age range of the subject between 22-30 years. Anxiety was measured by questioner which develop by Nist and Diehl having five possible ans. “tтАЭ-test was used to calculate the collected data. The findings of this study reflected that in significant deference between male student teachers and female student teachers, but female student teachers were more anxiety then male student teachers.

Keywords: Test, Anxiety, Student Teacher.

Page No: 271-274