Year 2025 - December | Volume -3 | Issue -12
Author: Dr. T. Thangadurai & Dr. K. Suriyan
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120001
Abstract: This study examines the socio economic and occupational conditions of the scavening community in Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, based on a sample of 50 respondents. Educational background, household circumstances, income, work experiences, health, and access to safety and rehabilitation measures are the main areas of attention for the researcher. The results underscore the difficulties encountered by this group, such as low levels of education, restricted availability of protectingequipment, hazards related to occupational health, and insufficient rehabilitation facilities.
Keywords: Socio-Economic, Occupational, Health.
Page No: 1-6
Author: Dr. T. Thangadurai, Dr. N. Gomathi & A. Sheeba
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120002
Abstract: The major challenges are family planning and birth control. According to a recent UN report, Indiaâs population has already topped 1.26 billion this year, and if current growth rates continue, the countryâs population will surpass that of China by 2028. The national fertility rate remains high, leading to long-term population growth in India. Family planning was not confined to birth control or contraception. It is important to improve the familyâs economic condition and the health of the mother and her children. First, family planning highlights the importance of spacing births at least two years apart from one another. According to medical science, giving birth within a gap of more than five years or less than two years has a serious effect on the health of both the mother and child. Giving birth involves costs, and with an increase in the number of children in a family, more medical costs of pregnancy and birth are involved, along with the high costs of raising and rearing children. It is the duty of parents to provide food, clothing, shelter, and education to their children. If adopted, family planning has an effective impact on stabilizing the financial condition of any family, especially women in rural areas.
Keywords: Family Planning, Birth Control, Contraception, Awareness, Reproductive Health, Married Women.
Page No: 7-18
Author: Pralay Mahapatra
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120003
Abstract: Heavy metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems has emerged as a major environmental concern due to its persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and adverse biological effects. Among these metals, nickel (Ni) occupies a unique position as an essential trace element at low concentrations but becomes highly toxic when present beyond permissible limits. Industrial effluents, mining activities, agricultural runoff, and fossil fuel combustion are primary contributors to nickel enrichment in aquatic environments. Fish, owing to their ecological relevance and sensitivity to pollutants, serve as reliable bioindicators of metal-induced toxicity. Channa punctatus, a widely distributed freshwater teleost in the Indian subcontinent, has been extensively employed in ecotoxicological investigations due to its adaptability and well-characterized physiology.
This mini review synthesizes current knowledge on the toxic effects of nickel in freshwater fish, with particular emphasis on biochemical alterations and histopathological damage reported in Channa punctatus. The review highlights the influence of physicochemical water parameters on nickel bioavailability, summarizes reported LCâ â values, and discusses oxidative stressâmediated biochemical disruptions in liver tissues alongside structural damage in gills. By integrating biochemical and histopathological biomarkers, this review underscores their utility in early detection of sub-lethal nickel toxicity and environmental monitoring. The paper also identifies key research gaps and future directions for developing biomarker-based frameworks for freshwater ecosystem risk assessment.
Keywords: Nickel Toxicity, Freshwater Fish, Channa punctatus, Oxidative Stress, Histopathology, Aquatic Ecotoxicology.
Page No: 19-32
Author: Moumita Saha Roy
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120004
Abstract: The issue of âWomenâs Empowermentâ has gained a lot of focus and limelight in recent times. Genderization is a deep-rooted social phenomenon, while the huge disparity in male-female ratio, the severe gender gap in their literacy rates, early marriage of girl children, low female participation rates in politics, etc., are some of the indicators of highly unequal gender relations prevalent in our society. The West Bengal government introduced one such Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) program in 2013 under the name âKanyashree Prakalpaâ (KP). This Prakalpa is the brainchild of the Honâble Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee. This scheme was implemented to empower adolescent girls, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged families, by decreasing the child marriage rate, incentivizing them to continue their education, to make them independent, and skillful to improve the status and well-being of girls. This scheme also increases the social strength and self-esteem of girls. The present study tries to find out the impact of KP on the perception of women empowerment among the beneficiaries in West Bengal. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the distribution pattern of grants and the effectiveness of this policy. The paper also tries to highlight some social issues of this policy. The study reveals that this policy has been successful in reducing child marriage as the percentage of dropoutâs falls and the number of girlâs children having formal education increases in the state throughout the year.
Keywords: Child Marriage, Education, Kanyashree Prakalpa, Self-Employment, Social Awareness, Women Empowerment.
Page No: 33-49
Author: Tapas Pramanik
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120005
Abstract: Yoga, an ancient system of holistic well-being originating in India, has gained global recognition as an effective approach to physical, mental, and emotional health. Physical education, on the other hand, represents a modern, scientifically grounded discipline aimed at promoting physical fitness, motor development, and healthy lifestyles. In contemporary educational and health paradigms, the integration of yoga into physical education has emerged as a significant interdisciplinary approach that bridges ancient wisdom with modern fitness practices. This paper examines the philosophical foundations of yoga, its relevance to physical education, and its contributions to physical fitness, mental health, emotional regulation, and holistic development. Drawing upon classical yogic texts, modern research findings, and educational policies such as Indiaâs National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, the study highlights the role of yoga-based physical education in fostering balanced development, lifelong fitness, and value-oriented education. The paper argues that yoga, when systematically integrated into physical education curricula, can address contemporary health challenges and promote sustainable well-being.
Keywords: Yoga, Physical Education, Holistic Health, Fitness, Mental Well-Being, NEP 2020.
Page No: 50-55
Author: Krishnarup Chaudhuri, Shaswati Chakraborty Ghose & Swatilekha Pal Joarder
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120006
Abstract: This study analysed the interaction between digital literacy, critical thinking, resilience and depressive symptoms with 50 secondary school students. Descriptive analyses showed moderate levels of resilience and critical thinking, although as alarming a percentage reported high levels of depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 mean = 13.92). Regression analysis showed that critical thinking was the only significant positive predictor of resilience (β=1.122, p=0.001), but digital literacy and demographic variables were unrelated to resilience. However, reliability analyses resulted in unacceptably low values of Cronbachâs alpha across all scales (Îą ⤠0.15), with negative coefficients for PHQ-9 and critical thinking indicative of poor item coherence or problems with scoring. Normality tests confirmed that only the resilience was normally distributed; other variables had to be tackled using non-parametric approaches. Owing to the limited number of students studied, the fact it was a single school study, and the limitations of certain measurements was not possible to use advanced modelling (such as structural equation modelling, multilevel analysis, etc.). These findings underscore the importance for ensuring the validity of an instrument in adolescent samples, and the possibility for over-interpreting of an association in the absence of good psychometric properties.
Keywords: Digital Literacy, Critical Thinking, Resilience, Adolescent Mental Health, PHQ-9, Psychometric Validity.
Page No: 56-73
Author: Sankar Prasad Maiti & Soma Jana (Maiti)
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120007
Abstract: The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies has significantly transformed the landscape of education, compelling a fundamental rethinking of teacher education. Traditional models of teacher preparationâlargely centered on content delivery, classroom management, and standardized assessmentâare increasingly inadequate in addressing the demands of AI-mediated learning environments. This research article critically examines the conceptual shifts and emerging paradigms in teacher education necessitated by the integration of AI. Drawing upon interdisciplinary perspectives from educational philosophy, technology studies, and teacher professional development, the paper explores how AI reshapes pedagogical roles, knowledge construction, assessment practices, and ethical responsibilities. It argues that teacher education must move beyond technical skill acquisition towards developing AI literacy, critical digital pedagogy, ethical awareness, and humanistic values. The article also situates these transformations within contemporary policy frameworks such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, the paper envisions a future-oriented, inclusive, and reflective teacher education framework that harmonizes technological innovation with educational equity and human agency.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Teacher Education, AI Literacy, Pedagogical Agency, Ethical and Humanistic Pedagogy.
Page No: 74-78
Author: āĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϤ āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϰāĻžāύāĻž
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120008
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāϞ āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻļā§āϞ āĻ āĻā§āϤāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āύā§āĻĻāϰā§āϝ, āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϝ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻā§āϰā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώāĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻž āĻ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāύā§āĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻžāϧāύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŽāĻšāϞ (āĻĻāĻā§āώāĻŋāĻŖ-āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ) āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ⧠āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧠āĻ āĻ āύā§āϤā§āϝāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āϰ āϧāϰā§āĻŽāĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāϰ āϏā§āϏāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻ āϤāĻŋāϝāϤā§āύ⧠āϞāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāϞā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧠āĻ āĻ āύā§āϤā§āϝāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻāĻŖā§āϝāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāϰā§āĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻāĻĻāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏā§, āĻāĻā§āĻāϞāĻŽāĻšāϞ āĻ āĻā§āĻāϞ, āĻ āύā§āϤā§āϝāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āĻāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĨ¤
Page No: 79-84
Author: M. Muthukumar & Dr. A. Edward William Benjamin
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120009
Abstract: Education in the 21st century emphasizes not only cognitive development but also the cultivation of emotional competencies that influence learning, performance, and interpersonal relationships. Recognizing, managing and regulating emotions is important in modern life. In distance education, effective communication is challenging because learners are far away and study independently. The present study looks into the emotional intelligence of distance learners enrolled in various undergraduate and postgraduate courses within South Tamil Nadu zone. A total of 300 students were randomly sampled from institutions delivering distance education programmes. A descriptive survey design was utilized with a standardized Emotional Intelligence Scale. The findings suggest that most distance learners possess a moderate level of emotional intelligence. The Course of study, gender, and age didnât have any significant effect on the dimension of emotional intelligence. This study also demonstrated that learners with high emotional intelligence exhibited better flexibility, motivation, and resilience in learning through virtual platforms.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Distance Education Learners, Self-Awareness, Motivation, Online learning, South Tamil Nadu.
Page No: 85-93
Author: Dr. Rayan Das
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120010
Abstract: As global urbanization accelerates, the creation of extensive subterranean infrastructuresâincluding subway networks, sewer systems, and utility conduitsâhas inadvertently fostered a âvertical frontierâ for disease vectors. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the evolutionary divergence and ecological success of subterranean vector populations, with a primary focus on the Culex pipiens complex. In these âurban caves,â distinct selective pressures such as stable microclimates, lack of diapause triggers, and restricted mating spaces have driven the emergence of the molestus biotype. This study examines the molecular mechanisms of autogeny, specifically the constitutive activation of the vitellogenin (Vg) gene pathway, which allows for egg production in nutrient-poor underground environments.
Through comparative case studies of subterranean systems in New York City, Tokyo, and Cairo, we highlight how varying architectural and hydrological conditions lead to different patterns of genetic clustering and âisland evolution.â Furthermore, the review addresses the impact of climate change, arguing that rising surface temperatures are forcing traditionally epigaeic species, such as Aedes albopictus, into subterranean refugia. These underground populations act as year-round âpathogen incubatorsâ and bridge vectors, facilitating the transmission of arboviruses like West Nile Virus from isolated reservoirs to surface-dwelling human populations. This research concludes that modern public health surveillance must transition from a surface-centric model to a three-dimensional approach, utilizing emerging technologies like eDNA and automated acoustic monitoring to mitigate the risks posed by these hidden evolutionary hotspots.
Keywords: Subterranean Evolution, Culex pipiens f. molestus, Urban Entomology, Autogeny, Bridge Vectors, Genetic Isolation, Anthropogenic Habitats.
Page No: 94-102
Author: Dr. Brijendra Bahadur Singh
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120011
Abstract: In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the effectiveness of teachingâlearning processes largely depends on the adoption of appropriate pedagogical strategies that actively engage learners and promote meaningful understanding. Pedagogical strategies refer to the systematic methods, approaches, and practices employed by teachers to facilitate learning, foster student participation, and ensure conceptual clarity. Contemporary education emphasizes a shift from traditional teacher-centred instruction to learnercentred, experiential, and inclusive pedagogies that address the diverse cognitive, emotional, and social needs of students. In this context, promoting student engagement has emerged as a central concern, as engaged learners demonstrate higher motivation, deeper understanding, and improved academic outcomes. This conceptual paper examines various pedagogical strategies that enhance student engagement and understanding in formal educational settings. It explores learner-centred and constructivist approaches that encourage active participation, critical thinking, collaboration, and knowledge construction. Emphasis is placed on experiential and activity-based learning methods such as project-based learning, problem-solving tasks, simulations, and real-life experiences, which bridge the gap between theory and practice. The paper also highlights the growing role of technology-integrated pedagogies, including blended learning, flipped classrooms, and digital collaboration platforms, in creating interactive and flexible learning environments. Further, the paper discusses assessment-oriented pedagogical practices, particularly formative assessment, feedback mechanisms, and reflective learning, as tools to support continuous learning and conceptual understanding. Inclusive pedagogical strategies are examined to address learner diversity, ensuring equity, accessibility, and participation of all students, including those from disadvantaged backgrounds. The evolving role of teachers as facilitators, mentors, and reflective practitioners is emphasized, highlighting the need for professional competence and pedagogical adaptability. Aligned with contemporary educational reforms and the National Education Policy 2020, this paper underscores the significance of pedagogical innovation in achieving holistic development, learner autonomy, and quality education. The study contributes to educational discourse by providing a comprehensive conceptual framework that can guide educators, teacher educators, and policymakers in enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes through effective pedagogical strategies.
Keywords: Pedagogical Strategies, Student Engagement, Learner-Centred Teaching Experiential Learning, Inclusive Education, TeachingâLearning Process.
Page No: 103-114
Author: Madhurima Pradhan & Dr. Abha Kumari
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120012
Abstract: Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most significant public health challenges of the 21st century, affecting both developed and developing nations. Among the multifactorial causes of obesity, food preference plays a critical and modifiable role. Childrenâs preferences for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, influenced by biological, psychological, familial, and environmental factors, contribute substantially to excessive calorie intake and unhealthy weight gain. This article explores the relationship between food preferences and obesity, emphasizing the mechanisms through which dietary choices affect body weight, the determinants shaping childrenâs food preferences, and the long-term health implications of unhealthy eating patterns. Understanding these relationships is essential for designing effective nutrition education, intervention programs, and policy measures aimed at preventing childhood obesity.
Keywords: Food Preference, Childhood Obesity, Dietary Habits, Nutrition Transition, Lifestyle Factors.
Page No: 115-122
Author: Kalyani Jana & Dr. Abha Kumar
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120013
Abstract: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting over two billion individuals and representing a major public health concern. It disproportionately impacts children, adolescents, and women of reproductive age, contributing to increased morbidity, impaired cognitive and physical development, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. IDA arises from a multifactorial etiology, including inadequate dietary intake, increased physiological iron requirements, chronic blood loss, malabsorption syndromes, and genetic predispositions. At the cellular and molecular levels, iron deficiency impairs hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes, and triggers compensatory erythropoietic and systemic responses. The hepcidin-ferroportin axis serves as a central regulatory pathway controlling iron absorption and mobilization, while iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) modulate intracellular iron homeostasis. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, pallor, cognitive dysfunction, restless leg syndrome, and impaired immune function. Diagnosis relies on a combination of hematologic indices, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor levels, and emerging molecular biomarkers. Management strategies encompass dietary and lifestyle interventions, oral and intravenous iron supplementation, and novel therapies targeting hepcidin modulation, iron absorption, and gut microbiome interactions. Understanding the pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms, and systemic consequences of IDA is essential for designing personalized interventions, optimizing therapeutic efficacy, and guiding future research in nutritional anemia.
Keywords: Iron Deficiency Anemia, Hemoglobin, Hepcidin, Ferroportin, Erythropoiesis, Iron Metabolism, Nutritional Deficiency, Molecular Mechanisms, Gut Microbiome.
Page No: 123-130
Author: Madhuchhanda Maity & Dr. Abha Kumari
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120014
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a global health concern, affecting millions and contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The disease is classified into type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and other specific types due to monogenic or secondary causes. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and long-term vascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and regular monitoring are crucial for optimal disease management. Emerging therapies, including continuous glucose monitoring, insulin analogs, incretin-based drugs, and regenerative medicine approaches, show promise for better glycemic control and improved quality of life. This review synthesizes current knowledge on diabetes, highlighting epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, complications, and future research directions, aiming to provide a holistic understanding for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Lifestyle Modification, Complications, Management, Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
Page No: 131-138
Author: Shibaji Roy
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120015
Abstract: The RÄá¸ha (Rarh) region â broadly spanning parts of present-day West Bengal (including Birbhum, Bankura, Purulia and adjacent districts) â is culturally rich with distinctive folk traditions and indigenous educational practices rooted in rural life. Folk culture in RÄá¸ha (Rarh) comprises music, dance, religious beliefs, festivals and oral lore that has historically served as a vehicle for informal education and social learning. However, modern mass education systems, shaped by colonial and post-colonial policies, have often marginalized local traditions. This article traces: the historical evolution of RÄá¸ha;s (Rarhâs) folk culture, how folk expression functioned as informal education, the transition to formal mass education, and contemporary efforts to reintegrate cultural knowledge systems. The review finds that folk culture not only embodies local epistemologies but also acts as an agent of community cohesion and moral development. Recognition of this has led to recent initiatives incorporating local art and narrative forms into formal education frameworks. Reasserting RÄá¸haâs (Rarhâs) folk heritage within educational planning can help bridge gaps between formal schooling and indigenous knowledge, promoting inclusive and culturally responsive learning.
Keywords: Folk Culture, RÄá¸ha (Rarh) Region, Informal Education, Mass Education, Indigenous, Knowledge Systems.
Page No: 139-144
Author: Rajib Jana & Dr. Ashok Kumar Srivastava
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120016
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic created a major global economic crisis, with its impact being felt most severely in rural areas. Since rural economies largely depend on agriculture and informal labor, lockdowns, mobility restrictions, and disruptions in supply chains caused serious difficulties for rural labor markets. As a result, many people lost their jobs, income insecurity increased, and noticeable changes occurred across different sectors of employment.
This research paper analyzes changes in rural employment using secondary data sources and selected case studies from various regions. It examines labor participation rates, changes in wages, migration patterns, and access to social protection schemes. Special emphasis has been placed on the return migration of workers from urban to rural areas, increased pressure on agricultural employment, and the vulnerable condition of informal workers.
The findings indicate that the pandemic led to immediate employment crises in rural areas, along with longterm structural changes in the rural economy. The study also evaluates various policy measures adopted by the government to restore employment and protect rural livelihoods. Overall, this paper highlights the need for inclusive and sustainable employment policies to strengthen the rural economy and enhance its resilience in order to better cope with future crises.
Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Un- Employment, Rural Affections, Sustainable Employment.
Page No: 145-154
Author: Asim Kumar Maiti
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120017
Abstract: The rapid expansion of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has transformed the landscape of school education worldwide. However, unequal access to digital resources has created a significant digital divide, particularly among school-going children. This article critically examines the concept of the digital divide and its implications for ICT access in school education. It explores the dimensions, causes, and consequences of digital inequality, with special reference to developing countries like India. The study also analyzes policy initiatives, challenges in implementation, and pedagogical implications of ICT integration. Finally, it suggests strategies to bridge the digital divide to ensure equitable, inclusive, and quality education for all learners.
Keywords: Digital Divide, ICT Access, School Education, Educational Equity, Digital Inclusion, Technology in Education.
Page No: 155-159
Author: Rajkumar Bhunia
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120018
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āύāĻŦāĻāĻžāĻāϰāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāϏāĻāϏā§āĻāĻžāϰāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϞ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāĻāύā§āύāϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĨ¤ āϤā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŦāϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰā§āώāĻā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ, āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻžāϰā§, āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻŦāϰā§āĻŖ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāύāĻā§āώā§āĻ ā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻāύā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧠āĻāĻĻā§āϝā§āĻ āĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§ āϏāĻšāĻ, āĻŦā§āϧāĻāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ āĻāĻŖāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞā§āύāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻš āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϰāĻāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻĒā§āϏā§āϤāĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻāĻžāώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦā§āϧ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦāĻšā§āĻāĻžāώāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĒāĻĨāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āĻā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϝ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻā§āĻŖāĻāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϤāĻāĻŦ, āϏāĻŽāĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāϰāĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ, āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻŽāĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāύā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
Page No: 160-166
Author: āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽāύā§āĻĄāϞ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120019
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāϞāĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύā§āĻĻāύā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻāĻžāϞā§āύ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻļāϤāĻ āĻāĻŋāϞ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŋāĻ āύāĻŦāĻā§āϤāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰāĻŖ āĻ āϏāĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāϞāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻžāϏāύā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāϏāĻžāύ, āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āĻĨāĻžāύ, āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āĻāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ, āύāĻžāϰā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϞāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝ āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāϰā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦâāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§, āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āĻ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏā§āĻŦāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻšā§āϏā§āĻŦāϰāĻŋāĻ āϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§, āϝāĻž āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤā§āĻā§, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻĻāĻžāϰā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āϰā§āĻĒ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻā§āϰ āϏā§āĻāύāĻžāϞāĻā§āύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āώāĻŖ, āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋ-āϏāĻāĻāĻžāϤ, āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāϤā§āϝāĻŧ āĻ āϰāĻžāώā§āĻā§āϰā§āϝāĻŧ āϏāĻāĻāĻāĻā§ āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§ āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āύāĻžāĻāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻĻāϰā§āĻļāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻāĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāύā§āĻĻāύāĻŋāĻ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϏāĻšāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻŖāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāϞāĻŋāϞ āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžāϏāĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āύāĻžāĻāĻ, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž, āϰāĻžāĻāύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āϤāύāϤāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ, āύāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰāĨ¤
Page No: 167-173
Author: āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻž āϰāĻšāĻŽāĻžāύ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120020
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖâāĻļā§āĻāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻŦāĻš, āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϤā§āϞāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύ, āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰā§, āϝāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰā§āĻĨā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāώāĻžāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻā§āώāϤāĻž, āϏā§āĻāύāĻļā§āϞ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž, āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞā§āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āώāϤ āĻŦāĻšā§āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻā§āώāĻž āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻļā§āϰāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻŦā§āϧ āĻāĻ āύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϰāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻž, āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϞāĻā§āώā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻžāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϰ āϝā§āĻā§ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāϰā§āώāĻŖā§āϝāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻāϰāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ āϏāĻāϝā§āĻāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻāϏāĻŽā§āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāύāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž, āϞā§āĻāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāύ, āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ, āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧāĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĨ¤
Page No: 174-179
āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ
Author: āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻšāĻŽā§āĻĻ
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120021
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ, āϝā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āϤāĻŋ, āϧāϰā§āĻŽā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧ āϏā§āĻŦāϤāĻāϏā§āĻĢā§āϰā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž, āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻžāĻāĻžāύ, āĻŽāĻā§āĻāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āϝ, āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻāĻĨāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻĻâāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻāύ āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻĻā§āύāύā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻā§āĻŦāύāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻžāĻŽ, āĻāύāύā§āĻĻâāĻŦā§āĻĻāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāĻā§ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāύā§āĻŽā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻāϰāĻā§āώāĻŖā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻž, āύāĻžāϰā§âāĻĒā§āϰā§āώā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻā§āώāĻŋāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāύā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻā§āϏāĻŦâāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ āϞā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϰ āϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ āĻ āύā§āϧāĻžāĻŦāύ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϧā§āύāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āϝāĻāύ āĻŦā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āϏā§āĻĨāĻžāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻā§ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϞā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻžāύāĻžāĻā§āĻā§, āϤāĻāύ āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻāϏā§āĻŦ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āύā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧ āĻāĻ āύ⧠āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻāĻšāϤāĻŋ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻŽāώā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϤāύāĻžāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧ āĻāϰā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻ āϏāĻžāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϞā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ, āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻžāϰ āϏāĻāϏā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ,āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ,āϞā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž,āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝāĻŦā§āϧāĨ¤
Page No: 180-188
Author: āĻĒāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāϏāĻž āĻā§āĻŖā§āĻĄā§
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120022
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻžāϞā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϰāĻĻāϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϰā§āϝāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻā§āύ? āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύ āĻāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧠āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύā§āϰ āĻāϤā§āϤāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāĻŦā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻžāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āϧāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āϤā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻāϏāĻžāĻšāϏ⧠āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽā§āĻā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻā§ āύā§āĻšāĻžāϤ āĻā§āύāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ āĻ āϏā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻž āĻŦāϞā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āϰāϞā§āĻā§āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻŦāĻžāϧā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻ āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝāϰāĻāĻŽāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ āĻāĻŋāϞ āϏā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāϰāĻ āϰā§āĻĒā§, āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋāύ⧠āĻĒāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ āϰā§āĻĒā§, āĻĻāϰā§āĻļāύā§āϰ āύāĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āĻ āĻāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻāĻžāϰ āϰā§āĻĒā§, āĻāĻžāώāĻžāϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āϰ āĻāĻŦā§āώāĻ āϰā§āĻĒā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāϞāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāύā§āώā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻžāϤā§āĻŽāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύ āĻā§āϤāύāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāϰā§āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŽāύāϏā§āĻ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻžāĻā§ āύā§āϝāĻžāϝā§āϝ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦ āĻĻā§āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰā§āύ āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻĨāĻā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋāύā§āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĨ¤ āĻŽāϏā§āϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻāϰā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻāύā§āϰ āĻāϰ āĻā§āύ āĻĒāĻĨ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϏā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĨ āϧāϰā§āĻ āϏāĻžāϰāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāύ āĻāϞā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻā§āĻŦāύā§āϰ āĻāϰā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ āĻ āύāĻŋāĻļā§āĻāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ āĻļā§āϧ⧠āĻŦāĻ āϞāĻŋāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāϏāĻš āĻļāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻāώā§āĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻ āϏā§āĻŽ āϧā§āϰā§āϝ⧠āĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒāύā§āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŽā§ āϝ⧠āĻ āĻŽā§āϞā§āϝ āĻĢāϏāϞ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĢāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻā§āϞā§āύ āϤāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āϝ āĻ āϰā§āĻāύ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻā§āύ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻ āύā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāϰāĻŋāύāĻŋāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāϏā§āĻŽā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤ āϝ⧠āϏāĻžāĻšāϏā§āϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§āϞ āϏā§āϰā§āϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻĒāύ āϏā§āĻŦāĻžāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāώā§āĻ āĻž āĻāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āĻļā§āώ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāύā§āϤ āϝā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āύā§āϏāύā§āϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āϤā§āϤāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āϰā§āĻā§āĻāĻŋāϞā§āύ, āϏā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŽāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāϏāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāύā§āϝāĻ āĻāϰ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āύāϤā§āύ āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻ ā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§āύ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϏāĻŽāϰā§āĻĒāĻŖ āύāϝāĻŧ- âāϏā§āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāϞâ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāϏāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻāϰā§āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āϧ āĻāϰāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϤā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻā§āϝāĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§, āϤāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϧāĻŋāύ⧠āĻĒāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāύāĻŽāύāϏā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ, āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āύā§āĻĻā§āϰāύāĻžāĻĨāĨ¤
Page No: 189-198
Author: Sumana Das
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120023
Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻāĻā§āώā§āĻĒ): āĻļāϰā§āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻ āύāύā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦ āϰā§āĻĒā§ āĻāĻĒāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āĻāĻĒāύā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻ āĻāϞā§āĻĒā§ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰāĻž āĻā§āĻŦāϞ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāϰā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āϤāϰā§āĻāϤ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āĻĻāύāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ āĻāϤā§āĻŽāĻŽāϰā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāϰ āĻŦāĻšāύāĻāĻžāϰ⧠āϏā§āĻŦāϤāύā§āϤā§āϰ āϏāϤā§āϤāĻžāĨ¤ âāĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāϏâ-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĻŦāϤā§, âāĻļā§āϰā§āĻāĻžāύā§āϤâ-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāĻāϞāĻā§āώā§āĻŽā§, âāĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰāĻšā§āύâ-āĻāϰ āĻāĻŋāϰāĻŖāĻŽāϝāĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž âāĻā§āĻšāĻĻāĻžāĻšâ-āĻāϰ āĻ āĻāϞāĻžâāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§ āĻļāϰā§āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāϤāĻž, āĻāϤā§āĻŽāϏāĻāĻāĻžāϤ āĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāύāĻŋāϰā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰ āϏāĻšāĻžāύā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤā§āϞ⧠āϧāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĒā§āϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŽ, āϤā§āϝāĻžāĻ, āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§āϞāϤāĻž āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŽāĻžāϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻā§āĻā§ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰā§āώāϤāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāώā§āĻ ā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāϰāĻā§ āϏā§āĻĒāώā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāύā§āϧ⧠āĻļāϰā§āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻāϰā§āĻŽā§ āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāϰ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āĻŦāϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§ āϝā§, āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻā§āώāĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤā§āĻŦ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻā§āĻŦāύāĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻļāĻŋāϞā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§āĻā§āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻāϰ āύāĻžāϰā§āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻāϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤā§āϝ⧠āύāĻžāϰā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāϰā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Keywords(āĻŽā§āϞ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻļāϰā§āĻāύā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āύāĻžāϰā§āĻāϰāĻŋāϤā§āϰ,āύāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ āϏā§āĻŦāϰ,āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž,āĻĒā§āϰā§āώāϤāĻžāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻāĨ¤
Page No: 199-204
Author: Bipasa Sen
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120024
Abstract: After the Internet, again one of the most significant global technology hacks is Blockchain technology. Although the initial start is with innovative virtual currencies, Blockchain is now poised to support us achieve the new peak of development in every nook and corner of the industrial world where automation is needed. This nascent tech-boom enriches everything from our lifestyles to the way we conduct business. From financial institutions to voting systems, healthcare to transportation management, supply chain to Internet of Things (IOT) and Higher education to different government services influenced by the feasibility of this technological approach. Its transparent, reliable, decentralized, tamper-proof and triple entry ledger system emphasizes adoption in records keeping and transaction systems of land management systems in different countries. To protect dwellers rights of records (RoR) the Indian government also started Blockchain technology based smart transparent web-application enabled land records and land registration systems i.e. Land-Chain Systems in a few states as pilot projects. The study focuses on the present situation of land records and land registration systems and whether future prospects for adoption of Land-Chain Systems have a favorable impact on the Indian economy or not.
Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Land Records, Land Registration, Land-Chain Systems, Indian Economy.
Page No: 205-219
Author: Dr. Pradip Dey
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120025
Abstract: The implementation of a biometric attendance maintenance system is one method to address the management of employees to confirm attendance and ensure the effective delivery of services. With rise of globalization, it is becoming essential to find the easier and more effective system to help an organization to improve their employee productivity and efficiency. Employee attendance management system is an easy way to keep track on attendance of staff within organization. Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone is known to have unique, immutable finger prints. A finger print is made of a series of ridges and furrows on the surface of the finger. As the level of security breaches and transaction fraud increases, the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is becoming apparent. Biometrics has long been touched as a powerful tool for solving identification. In addition to growing needs for fast, accurate and dependable security biometrics technology has recently begun to enter into public consciousness. The empirical literature review indicates the attitudes of the faculties towards biometric attendance systems which are influenced by subjective norms, perceptions of usefulness and ease of use, and concerns related to privacy and technical issues. While faculty members recognize the advantages of these systems in streamlining attendance management, there are concerns about data privacy and potential errors in recognition. The findings of the study provide a foundation for the future study.
Keywords: Biometric, Finger Print, Verification, Identification, Template and Hand Geometry.
Page No: 220-230
Author: Diwakar Prasad Baranwal
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120026
Abstract: Fuzzy algebra has emerged as a powerful extension of classical algebraic systems by incorporating graded membership and uncertainty. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the development of fuzzy algebra, focusing on fuzzy groups, fuzzy rings, and fuzzy algebraic logic structures such as BCK, BCI, and pseudo-BCK algebras. The paper highlights key definitions, known results, and major theoretical advances reported in the literature, along with recent trends toward intrinsic, membership-based formulations. Special emphasis is given to quotient constructions, homomorphism theorems, and fuzzy filters in implication-based algebras. The review also discusses open problems and future research directions, positioning fuzzy algebra as a mature and unified mathematical framework for reasoning under uncertainty.
Keywords: Fuzzy Algebra, Fuzzy Groups, Fuzzy Rings, Fuzzy Ideals, Fuzzy Filters, Pseudo-Bck Algebras, Algebraic Logic.
Page No: 231-242
Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120027
Abstract: Inclusive education has emerged as a central concern in contemporary educational reforms, particularly in societies characterized by deep social, economic, and cultural diversity. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a paradigm shift in Indiaâs approach to inclusion by explicitly foregrounding equity, access, and participation for all learners, including children from socio-economically disadvantaged groups and persons with disabilities. This qualitative study critically examines the inclusive education framework proposed under NEP 2020, focusing on diversity, disability, and social equity in the post-policy context. Drawing upon policy documents, academic literature, and institutional reports, the study analyzes the conceptual foundations, implementation strategies, and systemic challenges associated with inclusive education reforms. The findings reveal that while NEP 2020 offers a comprehensive and progressive vision aligned with global inclusive education principles, its effective realization depends on addressing structural inequalities, strengthening teacher capacity, improving infrastructural accessibility, and ensuring coordinated governance. The paper concludes with policy-oriented recommendations aimed at strengthening inclusive practices across school and higher education systems in India.
Keywords: NEP 2020, Inclusive Education, Disability, Social Equity, Diversity, Educational Reform.
Page No: 243-248
