Author: Sanjay Kumar Suman

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020002

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted traditional academic services, compelling libraries to adopt Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to ensure the continuity of learning and research. This study explores the impact of ICT adoption in academic libraries during the pandemic, identifies key digital tools that facilitated remote learning and research, and examines the evolving role of library professionals in managing ICT-driven services. Utilizing content analysis, the study reviews existing literature, case studies, and institutional reports to assess the effectiveness of ICT-based library services. Findings indicate that digital repositories, virtual reference services, learning management systems, and cloud-based platforms played a crucial role in sustaining academic activities. Additionally, library professionals had to rapidly adapt to new digital competencies, redefining their roles in an ICT-intensive environment. While ICT adoption enhanced accessibility and service delivery, challenges such as the digital divide, technical constraints, and inadequate ICT training persisted. The study highlights the long-term implications of ICT integration in libraries and suggests strategies to enhance digital library services for future academic resilience.

Keywords: ICT in libraries, Academic Services, Remote Learning, Digital Tools, COVID-19, Digital Transformation.

Page No: 6-18

Author: Kumari Dolly Rani & Professor. (Dr.) Santanu Biswas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020003

Abstract: Tis study, Empowering Students: Enhancing Organizational Skills at the Higher Secondary Level explores the critical factors that affect the development of organizational skills among higher secondary students and evaluates the effectiveness of teaching technologies in this context. The findings revealed that structured time management programs, task breakdown techniques, and the use of digital organizational tools significantly enhance students’ organizational abilities. The study also highlighted various challenges, including inconsistent support and socio-economic barriers, which hinder students’ skill development. In response, the research proposed targeted strategies such as integrating educational technologies, fostering collaborative learning environments, and developing supportive school cultures to overcome these challenges and improve organizational skills. This study offers valuable insights and practical recommendations for educators and policymakers to better support students in becoming more organized and effective in managing their academic responsibilities.

Keywords: Organizational Skills, Higher Secondary Education, Teaching Technologies, Time Management, Student Challenges, Educational Strategies, Digital Tools

Page No: 19-32

Author: Anu Kumari & Dr. Manasi Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020004

Abstract: There is little information currently accessible about women’s status and influence in Indian society. However, it is frequently the case that an occurrence involving them gives us some information about their status and place in the social and cultural life of the time. There was no mention of child marriage or even the segregation of women in those days. Women and men had equal status during this time. Their access to public life was complete. Some of them wrote Vedic mantras like Apala and Shakshi, demonstrating their high level of education. After getting married, Mudra had a significant position and had a lot of control over household issues. Without her, no religious ceremony could be considered complete. Only after they reached puberty did they get married. They held great social respect as mothers, wives, and daughters. In the centuries following the Vedic Age, women’s standing had clearly declined. New faces appeared on the Indian scene with the arrival of Islam. In their own country, Muslims routinely required women to wear tight veils. Naturally, it was subjected to more hardship in a foreign nation like India. Theposition of women suffered a significant setback during this time. The sentiments of the Age are mirrored in AamirKhusro’s “Hast Bahist” and Matla-Ul-Anwar, which offer his advice to his daughter.”Would to God that you should have been in the will of nonexistence or that you could have been a male child or were born in the eighth month (so as to die)” is how he begins his speech. Despite the fact that our historians have written about women in their respective eras, they have not done them justice. We are fortunate to have a few eminent historians who have attempted to do so. Restrictions. Because of her physical limitations, she was expected to accept a status of reliance on men.

When Jaisi states, “You are women and deficient in the sense that man is fool who takes advice of women folk at home,” he may be reflecting the perception of the populace. Manu smriti, which states that “day and night women must be kept under dependence by the males of their families,” supports his viewpoint. Women are never fit for independence; her father shields her when she is young, her husband shields her when she is old, and her son shields her when she is old.

Women’s rights are fundamental to civilization. When it came to inheritance, Muslim women were treated much more liberally than their Hindu counterparts. The way property is divided following a father’s death—a daughter gets half of her brother’s estate—is an example of this. However, the limitations resulting from married or unmarried women being taught by men persisted throughout the Muslim regime. According to the Adab-Ul-Hasab’s author, a wife should not be trusted with matters of concern, and if consulting her was inevitable, it would be wiser to act against her advice. The social norms were not disregarded by the Muslims.She was thought to be foolish and mentally weak. Their personal position was impacted by the doctrine of perpetual tutelage, which required them to maintain chastity in both their thoughts and behaviour. “A woman cannot give away her husband’s belongings.” Except in cases involving the women, she was never to be asked to testify in court. Men served as the guardians of women’s honour and virginity. As Dr.Asraf correctly noted, “an unhealthy attitude developed on all sides with the growth of general sensuality.” In the same ways that theypromoted men’s lack of chastity, they started to place an excessive amount of value on women’s chastity. The spirit of the age with regard to the chastity of the women is reflected in Amir Khusro’sMaltla-Ul-Anwar: “ A girl on whom reflection were cast regarding her chastity could never expect to find any respectable person to marry her even though the accusations were proved to be absolutely groundless.’’ Rabia was a chaste and devout woman in those days. Even if she came from a lower social class, such a woman was revered. Women’s status may help us develop an understanding of the nation’s culture and civilization. Islam has significantly improved women’s status, eliminated discrimination against female birth, and the Quran affirms that women have just as many rights as obligations. In Islam, women are more than just toys for males. There was a great deal of social equality between men and women in India and other countries in many areas, such as inheritance, marriage contracts, dowries, divorce, and child rights, among others, rather than inferiority and completesubordination.

The long poetical discourse of Amir Khusro in the HashtBahist and Matla-UlAnwar containing his councils to his daughter, Mastura contains much that was not merely idealistic but political. He could not remain unaffected by his environment, by this Indian lineage from the mother’s side and therefore we find him counselling his daughter in the following words, “Though you are still very young and without understanding, one day you would become an elderly women when you attain wedlock and wealth, I would wish you first, purity, chastity and then good fortune.’’ He counselled her to be constant and devoted worshipper of God, to be a seeker of good name, to be abstinent and virtuous to remain indoors, and to keep her face bright within the four curtains (walls). “Live your life in such a way that by your behaviour and conduct you may be able to your kindred and relations. It is better that for the sake of good name, fame, purity and chastity you should lay your leg with the chain of your skirt (and do not go out).” Here our author uses many smiley and metaphors to strengthen his advice about observing pardah and dialects on the harm of mixing with the strangers.

Keywords: Indian Society, Women, precious, harm, Reflected, disability, Quran

Page No: 33-38

Author: Prasanta Rang

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020005

Abstract: Kamala Das, one of India’s most celebrated poets, is known for her bold and confessional exploration of identity, gender, and personal freedom. Her poetry reflects an ongoing journey of self-discovery, where she challenges societal expectations, redefines femininity, and asserts her autonomy. This paper examines the theme of self-discovery in the poems of Kamala Das, focusing on how her works serve as a means of self-expression, emotional release, and empowerment. Through a close reading of key poems such as An Introduction, The Old Playhouse, and My Grandmother’s House, the study explores how Das navigates her desires, sexuality, memories, and the roles imposed upon her as a woman. By rejecting traditional gender roles and embracing her complexities, Das’s poetry becomes a space for asserting authenticity and confronting societal constraints. This paper argues that for Kamala Das, poetry is not just an act of artistic expression but a powerful tool for self-realization and personal liberation. Through her work, she invites readers—especially women—to embark on their own journeys of self-discovery, encouraging them to explore, reclaim, and celebrate their identities.

Keywords: Sexuality, Memories, Personal Freedom, Self-Discovery, Journeys.

Page No: 39-43

Author: Sanat Dutta

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020006

Abstract: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into political decision-making has the potential to revolutionize governance by enhancing efficiency, objectivity, and data-driven policymaking. However, this technological advancement also raises profound ethical concerns that threaten democratic principles and public trust. This paper examines the ethical implications of AI in political decision-making, focusing on issues such as algorithmic bias, lack of transparency, accountability gaps, privacy violations, and the potential for misuse. Through a systematic review of literature and case study analysis, the study highlights how biased algorithms can perpetuate discrimination, opaque decision-making processes can erode trust, and the delegation of authority to AI systems can complicate accountability. Additionally, the collection and analysis of vast amounts of personal data for AI applications pose significant privacy risks, while the misuse of AI tools, such as social media bots and micro-targeting algorithms, can manipulate public opinion and undermine democratic processes. Despite these challenges, AI offers opportunities for improving governance, including data-driven policymaking, increased administrative efficiency, and enhanced public engagement. To address these ethical concerns, the paper proposes recommendations such as developing ethical guidelines, ensuring transparency in AI systems, strengthening accountability mechanisms, protecting privacy, and promoting public participation in AI deployment. By adopting these measures, policymakers and stakeholders can harness the benefits of AI while mitigating its risks, ensuring that AI serves the public good and contributes to a more just, equitable, and democratic society. This paper underscores the urgent need for ethical frameworks and regulatory oversight to guide the responsible use of AI in political decision-making.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Political Decision-Making, Ethics, Bias, Transparency, Accountability, Privacy, Democratic Processes.

Page No: 44-48

Author: Koyel Raha & Ranjan Sarkar 

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020007

Abstract: Bengali Muslim women played a significant yet often overlooked role in India’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. This article examines the multifaceted contributions of Bengali Muslim women to the freedom movement, shedding light on their participation in various forms of resistance, socio-political activism, and nation-building endeavours. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical records, biographical accounts, and scholarly literature, this article seeks to underscore the agency, resilience, and pioneering spirit exhibited by Bengali Muslim women during this transformative period in Indian history. By highlighting their invaluable contributions, this study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the intersectionality of gender, religion, and nationalism in the struggle for freedom.

Keywords: Bengali Muslim women, Nationalism, Resistance, Freedom struggle,  Activism.

Page No: 49-54

Author: Subrata Malick & Dr. Seema Rani

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020008

Abstract: Food security and women’s empowerment are two interconnected challenges that continue to shape socio-economic landscapes in rural India. While food insecurity stems from unstable livelihoods, underemployment, and inadequate resources, gender inequality manifests in limited access to economic opportunities and exclusion from household decision-making processes. Addressing these issues requires systemic interventions that balance inclusivity with sustainability. This paper critically reviews the role of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) as a policy tool aimed at addressing these urgent issues. Through guaranteed rural employment and women’s work participation, MGNREGA gives a raise to household food security while promoting gender balance. However, this paper explores a theoretical critique of empowerment, arguing that empowerment initiatives risk reinforcing perceptions of inferiority when framed as remedial measures for marginalized groups. Instead, MGNREGA differentiates itself by offering equal opportunities for economic participation, fostering a sense of autonomy and agency.

The paper examines gaps between the intended policy and actual ground realities with issues of delay in payments, administrative ineffectiveness, and persistence of patriarchal structures limiting women’s true empowerment. On the basis of a literature review and empirical study review, the paper argues that despite MGNREGA as being an important intervention towards solving issues of food insecurity and gender-based inequality, societal will remains at the helm for the eventual successful implementation of MGNREGA. The results highlight the need for policy synergy and grassroots-level reforms to achieve sustainable development outcomes.

Keywords: empowerment, food security, marginalized, equality

Page No: 55-61

Author: Ms. Ramandeep Kaur

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020009

Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the major issue regarding GenderEquity and Gender Equality in our country. The social structure of India has been traditionally male dominant one. Women always have to depend on men and in their family, outside and throughout their life. From historic situation we can see different kind of gender inequality issues exist and women are facing those issues. For this study the sample comprised of 180 primary school teachers of govt. schools and 30 teachers of education colleges. Data collected by using qualitative method conducted focus group discussion and interaction sessions. The paper also explains the adopted measures to discuss Gender Equality Measures for development of any society. In this paper focuses to explain the key difference between Gender Equity and Gender Equality, status, need and importance to enhancing Gender Equality in present time. Furthermore, the article highlights some facts about gender inequalities and the UNESCO Agenda for ensuring gender equality in Indian context. The study also describes various types of Gender Inequality stated by Prof. Amratya Sen mentioning special focus on responsible factors which affects the development of our society. This paper also explains Govt. initiatives to be taken for removing Gender Inequality and ensuring equality to people. As a result by practical implementing of these policy initiatives, we can see a reforming change in the women’s social status in relation to every aspect.

Keywords: Gender Equity & Gender Equality, Gender Equality Measures, UNESCO, Gender Inequality, Policy Initiatives

Page No: 62-70

Author: Debdatta Maity

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020010

Abstract: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 represents a significant shift in India’s educational landscape, aiming to address long-standing disparities and create a more inclusive, equitable, and high-quality education system. This paper explores the key provisions of NEP 2020 and its implications for bridging regional, social, and gender gaps in Indian education. The policy emphasizes a holistic approach, incorporating multidisciplinary learning, foundational literacy, and digital education. It also focuses on enhancing teacher training, promoting social inclusion, and improving access to education in rural and marginalized areas. By aligning the education system with the needs of the 21st century, NEP 2020 has the potential to transform India’s education framework, ensuring that every student, irrespective of their socio-economic background, has the opportunity to thrive. However, successful implementation will require addressing infrastructure challenges, digital divides, and ensuring adequate resource allocation. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of how NEP 2020 can serve as a tool to bridge the gaps in Indian education, fostering a more equitable and globally competitive system.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Education, Transformation, lifelong learning social.

Page No: 71-76

Author: Arnav Debnath

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020011

Abstract: The category of state violence in its crude form may sometimes conflate into a more nuanced one that emerged from a different and conditional category of political working deep within the realm of a particular society. The incident of violence in Hariharpara, a block in the  district of Murshidabad, resembled with such a kind of political violence quarter century ago, in 1992, acquiring its political nature from the category of ‘party society’. This article, however, attempts to understand the background, course and causes of that unprecedented incident of political violence in a democratic state of independent India through the testimony of an eye-witness of the violence before the ‘Inquiry Commission’ who himself was both an indirect victim and an ‘accused’ of the same.   

Keywords: Political violence, party-society, testimony, eye-witness, Hariharpara, HNKP.

Page No: 77-87

Author: Protima Brahma

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020012

Abstract: Urbanization is a complex phenomenon that has evolved significantly over time, from classical theories that focused on physical aspects of cities to contemporary perspectives that highlight the role of actors and dynamics in shaping urban spaces. This paper aims to define the concept of urbanization and explore the transition from classical to contemporary urbanization theories. Results and conclusions are drawn by examining key literature and analysing methodologies under urban studies. Moreover, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of urbanization trends and theories.

Keywords: Contemporary Urbanization, Capital Accumulation, Actor-Oriented, Dynamic Process.

Page No: 88-91

Author: Pema D Moktan

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020013

Abstract: Job satisfaction is defined as the, “pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job as achieving or facilitating the achievement of one’s job values. ”Perceived satisfaction on the job is reflected by the needs of sense of fulfillment and expectation for the job to be interesting, challenging and personally satisfying. Job satisfaction is also an achievement indicator in career developmental tasks also job satisfaction has visibly evolved through the decades, but most versions share the belief that job satisfaction is a work-related positive affective reaction.

Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Attitude, Perceived Satisfaction.

Page No: 92-99

Author: অনুশ্রী মাইতি দাস

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020014

Abstract:

এক অস্থির রাজনৈতিক পরিস্থিতির মধ্যে বেড়ে ওঠা রবীন্দ্রনাথের পারিবারিক দিক থেকে নাট্য নির্মাণ, নাট্যাভিনয় ছিল স্বাভাবিক প্রবণতা। সেই সঙ্গে সংবেদনশীল কবিমনের কারনে শ্রমজীবী মানুষদের প্রতিও তাঁর ছিল বিশেষ সহানুভূতি। যদিও তিনি সরাসরি কোন রাজনৈতিক ব্যক্তি ছিলেন না, বা সরাসরি রাজনৈতিক কথাও বলেননি, কিন্তু সমকালীন দেশ ও বিদেশের রাজনৈতিক কর্মকান্ড সম্পর্কে যথেষ্ট ওয়াকিবহাল ছিলেন। ফলে বারে বারে তাঁর নাটকে শ্রমজীবী মানুষের আন্দোলনের কথা উঠে এসেছে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন আঙ্গিকে।

Keywords: রবীন্দ্রনাথ, রবীন্দ্র নাট্য, শ্রমজীবী আন্দোলন.

Page No: 100-107

Author: K. Suchitha & Dr. I. Muthuchamy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020015

Abstract: Teacher Education is rejuvenate in creating a pool of school teachers that will shape the next generation. The teacher preparation is an activity that promotes values, knowledge and skills on the part of its students through healthy practices. The study followed a descriptive method with normative survey technique. A scale on practice teaching and teaching attitude scale to 175 D.El.Ed trainees from various teacher training institutions in Ramanathapuram and Sivaganga Districts. The data obtained were subjected to percentages, differential and correlation Analysis. The study found that there was a significant positive relationship between practice teaching and teaching attitude of D.El.Ed trainees. Significant difference was also found between male and female D.El.Ed trainees with respect to practice teaching and its dimensions.

Keywords: Practice Teaching, D.El.Ed Trainees, Teaching Attitude and Healthy Practices.

Page No: 108-116

Author: Mamoni Khamrai & Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020016

Abstract: Aims/Purpose: The researcher has attempted to assess how students’ attitudes towards life skill instruction relate to the gender status. Methodology: A quantitative survey approach was used to gather information from 200 pupils in West Bengal’s Paschim Medinipur area. Data has been analysed using the Student’s ttest. Findings: The male and female types of respondents have different attitudes on how education affects life skills education. Higher levels of education are seen in male students than in female students, indicating that education has a greater influence on lifestyle education on male students and leading healthy lives compared to female students. Comments: By defending human rights, lifestyle education tends to encourage healthy living, which is again seen in how people cope with their physical, mental, social, and financial surroundings. Lastly, in this regard, education plays a big part.

Keywords: Life Skill Education, Healthy Life, Gender Status, Attitude, Student’s T-Test.

Page No: 117-122

Author: Dr. Sajal Dey

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020017

Abstract: Pre service Teachers are the future implementers of the teaching and learning process. Teacher trainees’ performance is a major factor in capacity building of oneself. This study aims to explore the nature of work discipline inculcated by the Teacher Education Institution through the teacher education program for their effective teacher performance. The sample consisted of 100 teacher trainees and the data were obtained by questionnaire. Suitable statistical analysis carried out. The finding reveals that Teacher trainees are trained through different teacher training activities which help in developing work discipline and have a significant effect on teacher performance. Teacher trainees are necessitated to fulfill the desired expectations as per the demand of NEP 2020 for School Education.

Keywords: Teacher’s Performance, Capacity Building, Work Discipline.

Page No: 123-128

Author: Priyanka Das & Prof. (Dr.) Debabrata Debnath

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020018

Abstract: Gender Disparity is a common issue in every aspects of Social life throughout the globe. The field of education is also affected by this issue from the ancient times. All the countries have taken many initiatives to eradicate this disparity. Laws have framed, awareness campaign s have taken, but still the problem is exists as a burning issue. In this paper the present researchers have tried to make a comparative note on different causes of these type of disparities exists in different south Asian Countries. Though there are some common causes in all the countries considered here, but the research reveals that there are some unique causes which exists in all the country separately.

Keywords: Disparity, Special Education, South Asian Countries.

Page No: 129-136

Author: Goutam Jana & Dr. Anil Kumar Yadav

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020019

Abstract: The educational system in India has made significant strides toward increasing access for marginalized groups, particularly Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) students. However, barriers to educational access and success persist, shaped by socio-economic, cultural, and infrastructural challenges. This article critically analyzes the various obstacles that SC and ST students face in accessing quality education and the efforts to overcome them. By examining policy interventions, institutional frameworks, and socio-cultural contexts, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the educational landscape for SC and ST students. The article also highlights the role of affirmative action, government schemes, and grassroots initiatives in improving access to education, while addressing the ongoing gaps in educational equity. Education is a fundamental right that can unlock the potential of individuals and communities, and for SC and ST students, it holds the promise of breaking the chains of historical marginalization. However, overcoming the barriers to education for these students requires sustained efforts at multiple levels: from government policies and grassroots initiatives to community involvement and teacher training. Only through a holistic and inclusive approach can we ensure that SC and ST students have equal access to quality education, enabling them to contribute meaningfully to society and realize their full potential.

Keywords: Barriers, education, government policy, affirmative action etc.

Page No: 137-140

Author: Bhaskar Kumar Si & Dr. Mandvi Rai

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020020

Abstract: Ancient Indian education, with its deep roots in philosophy, spirituality, and intellectualism, offers invaluable insights into the development of knowledge systems in the ancient world. This paper explores the key principles, educational institutions, methodologies, and subjects of study that formed the backbone of the educational system in ancient India. Drawing on historical texts, archaeological findings, and philosophical treatises, it examines the evolution of education in India from the Vedic period through the Gupta Empire and the lasting legacy of these educational traditions in the present day. In ancient India, both formal and informal ways of education system existed. Indigenous education was imparted at home, in temples, pathshalas, tols, chatuspadis and gurukuls. There were people in homes, villages and temples who guided young children in imbibing pious ways of life. Temples were also the centres of learning and took interest in the promotion of knowledge of our ancient system. Students went to viharas and universities for higher knowledge. Teaching was largely oral and students remembered and meditated upon what was taught in the class.

Keywords: Learning Centre, Subject, Education Structure etc.

Page No: 141-145

Author: Mst. Waleda Khatun

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020021

Abstract: This study explores the role of Urdu as a powerful political tool in shaping nationalist ideologies and movements across South Asia, particularly in India and Pakistan. As a language rich in historical, cultural, and political significance, Urdu has been central to the political discourse of both nations, acting as a symbol of identity, unity, and resistance. In Pakistan, Urdu was adopted as a unifying language in the aftermath of the 1947 partition, reinforcing the country’s Islamic identity and consolidating political power. However, its imposition over regional languages led to tensions, most notably the Bengali Language Movement. In India, Urdu played a complex role, being associated with Muslim identity and resistance to Hindu-majority nationalism, especially during the freedom struggle. Post-independence, Urdu became a symbol of minority rights and cultural preservation in the face of rising Hindu nationalism. This research examines how Urdu has functioned in political rhetoric, cultural movements, and state-building processes, shedding light on its enduring impact on political ideologies, identity construction, and linguistic politics. By analyzing the political deployment of Urdu, the study highlights the intricate relationship between language and nationalism, offering insights into the continued relevance of Urdu in contemporary South Asian politics.

Keywords: Urdu, Nationalism, Political Ideologies, Identity, South Asia, Pakistan, India, Language Politics, Resistance, National Movements.

Page No: 146-151

Author: Nilmoni Saha Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020022

Abstract: The role of technology in transforming teacher education is increasingly recognized as critical in adapting to the demands of the 21st century. As the global education landscape continues to evolve, technological tools and platforms are reshaping the ways in which teacher education is delivered and experienced. This article explores the emerging trends and innovations in technology that are revolutionizing teacher education programs. By examining the integration of digital tools, online learning platforms, and virtual classrooms, the paper discusses how these technologies are enhancing pedagogical practices, facilitating professional development, and fostering a more personalized learning environment for educators. The study highlights both the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of technology in teacher education, offering insights into future directions for the field. Technology has undeniably transformed the landscape of teacher education, offering innovative tools and platforms that enhance teaching practices, foster professional development, and expand access to education. The integration of online learning, mobile apps, virtual simulations, and microlearning has revolutionized how teachers are trained, enabling them to engage in continuous learning and adapt to the ever-changing needs of their students. However, to fully realize the potential of technology in teacher education, it is essential to address challenges related to access, training, and equity.

Keywords: Trends, Innovations, Technology, Teacher Education etc.

Page No: 152-156

Author: Ranjit Kumar Biswas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020023

Abstract: Sarojini Naidu, often referred to as the “Nightingale of India,” is celebrated for her rich and evocative poetry that seamlessly blends traditional Indian elements with modern sensibilities. This study explores how Naidu’s poetry embodies the fusion of tradition and modernity, reflecting both India’s cultural heritage and the socio-political challenges of her time. By examining her thematic concerns, stylistic innovations, and the socio-political context in which she wrote, this research investigates how Naidu incorporated traditional Indian symbols, folklore, and mythological references while simultaneously engaging with contemporary political, feminist, and nationalist discourses. Poems such as “The Gift of India,” “The Lotus,” and “In the Bazaars of Hyderabad” demonstrate her ability to blend traditional literary forms with modern poetic themes of nationalism, independence, and women’s empowerment. The study also highlights how Naidu’s work transcends the boundaries of colonialism, offering a poetic voice that reflects both the cultural pride and political aspirations of a modernizing India.

Keywords: Tradition, Modernity, Nationalist Discourses, etc.

Page No: 157-160

Author: Yasminara Khatun

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020024

Abstract: This study examines the sociolinguistic dimensions of Urdu, focusing on its role in shaping and reflecting social structures, identities, and power dynamics within South Asian societies. As a language spoken by millions in Pakistan and India, Urdu serves as both a unifying force and a site of cultural and linguistic negotiation. This paper explores the complex interplay between language and social factors such as class, ethnicity, education, and region, highlighting how Urdu functions across different social groups and in various contexts. The research delves into language variation, multilingualism, code-switching, and the influence of globalization, revealing how Urdu is adapted and utilized in both formal and informal settings. It also addresses the role of Urdu in cultural expression, from literature and poetry to contemporary media. By analyzing these aspects, the study offers a deeper understanding of Urdu’s significance in contemporary South Asia, providing insights into the ways language practices reflect broader societal changes and cultural dynamics. This sociolinguistic analysis underscores the importance of Urdu as a cultural and social symbol, contributing to ongoing discussions in the fields of linguistics, education, and language policy.

Keywords: Sociolinguistic Dimensions, Urdu, Multilingualism, Language Practice etc.

Page No: 161-165

Author: Sunirmal Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020025

Abstract: Electron impact ionization is a pivotal process in atomic and molecular physics, with significant implications in astrophysics, atmospheric science, plasma research, and semiconductor technologies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of theoretical models and methodologies used to understand ionization cross-sections, including the Born Approximation, Khare-BEB, Kim-Rudd BEB, and Complex Spherical Optical Potential (CSOP) formalism. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of these models, their refinements, and empirical adjustments to enhance accuracy across diverse energy regimes. The study further explores the applications of ionization cross-sections in explaining natural phenomena such as auroras and comet tails, as well as their technological relevance in plasma etching and radiative modelling. Challenges in achieving precision at low-energy thresholds and the complexities posed by multi-body molecular interactions are critically discussed. Looking forward, the integration of advanced computational techniques, including machine learning, offers promising avenues for enhancing predictive capabilities in ionization modelling. This review aims to bridge the gap between theoretical advancements and practical applications, providing a valuable resource for researchers in the field.

Keywords: Electron Impact Ionization; Collision Cross-Sections; Quantum Mechanical Models; Ionization Processes; Astrophysical Plasmas; Plasma Etching

Page No: 166-180

Author: Sk. Aptafuddin Ahmed

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020026

Abstract: Folk music plays an integral role in the cultural and social fabric of Paschim Medinipur, a district in the southern part of West Bengal, India. The folk music of this region, deeply rooted in local traditions, reflects the daily lives, struggles, and celebrations of its people. This article aims to explore the rich and diverse folk musical traditions of Paschim Medinipur, examining their historical roots, cultural significance, and evolving forms. Drawing upon fieldwork, interviews with local musicians, and a review of existing literature, this study highlights key genres, such as Baul, Bhatiali, and Jhumur, as well as the role of folk music in community bonding and identity formation. The paper also investigates the impact of modernity on traditional folk music practices and its ongoing relevance in the cultural landscape of contemporary Paschim Medinipur. Paschim Medinipur’s folk music and dance traditions represent a living connection to the region’s history, spirituality, and communal life. From the spirited beats of Jhumur to the mythological grandeur of Chhau, these traditions are vital expressions of the district’s cultural identity. However, to ensure their survival in a rapidly changing world, it is essential to continue documenting, promoting, and supporting these art forms.

Keywords: Folk Music, Baul, Bhatiali, Jhumur, Chhau.

Page No: 181-185

Author: অর্পিতা চৌধুরী

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020027

Abstract: বাংলার লোকসংস্কৃতিতে প্রত্যক্ষ বা প্রচ্ছন্নভাবে রয়েছে লোকদেবতার প্রভাব বাঁকুড়া জেলা তার ব্যতিক্রম নয় প্রাকৃতিক পরিবেশ ও প্রাচীনত্বের দিক থেকে পশ্চিমবাংলার বোধহয় সর্বাধিক বৈচিত্র্যপূর্ণ জেলা বাঁকুড়া।এই জেলায় মানুষের বিশ্বাসে মিশে রয়েছে অসংখ্য লোকদেবতা বেশিরভাগেরই কোন প্রতিষ্ঠিত মন্দির বা বাঁধানো বেদি নেই নির্দিষ্ট দিনে সারা গ্রামের সব স্তরের মানুষ তার পুজো দেয় বিচিত্র উপচারে, পশুপাখি বলি দিয়ে। লোকবিশ্বাস অনুসারে, তিনি গ্রামের অভিভাবক, গ্রামরক্ষাকারী। গ্রামবাসী তাঁর কাছে যা প্রার্থনা করে, তিনি তাদের তাই দেন। তিনি খাদ্য, সন্তান, সুবৃষ্টি, সুশস্য দেন। মড়ক, মহামারি রোগ, শোক থেকে গ্রামবাসীকে রক্ষা করেন। দুর্বৃত্ত ও হিংস্র পশুর আক্রমণরোধ করেন। গবাদি পশুকে সুস্থ রাখেন। কিন্তু অসন্তুষ্ট হলে মানুষের ক্ষতিও হয়। তাই কল্যাণ লাভের আশায় তার পুজো।

Keywords: বাঁকুড়া, লোকসংকৃতি, লোকধর্ম, লোকদেবতা, লোকজীবন।

Page No: 186-194

Author: সঞ্চিতা মিত্র

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020028

Abstract: ভারতীয় কাব্যতাত্ত্বিক বামনাচার্যের মতে’সৌন্দর্যম অলংকার’, অর্থাৎঅলংকারের মধ্যেই নিহিত আছে সৌন্দর্য। পরবর্তীকালে অলংকার শাস্ত্রে কাব্যকে তুলনা করা হয়েছে নারী দেহের সঙ্গে। গয়না যেমন সুন্দর করে তোলে নারীদেহকে, তেমনি অলংকারও ভূষিত করে কাব্যশরীরকে। তবে অলংকার বা গহনা নারীদেহের সৌন্দর্য সাধন করে ঠিকই, কিন্তু তার ব্যবহার হতে হবে পরিমিত ও মার্জিত। কাব্যতাত্ত্বিকদের বিতর্ককে সরিয়ে রেখে নারীর আভরণ বিষয়ে উল্লিখিত দৃষ্টান্তটি বিশেষ তাৎপর্যপূর্ণ। মধ্যযুগের বাংলা সাহিত্য জুড়ে অলংকারের যেসব প্রসঙ্গ এসেছে তার প্রেক্ষিতে বোঝা যায় যে সেকালের মহিলারা কতখানি সৌন্দর্য সচেতন ছিলেন। শুধু ধাতব বা সোনা-রূপার গহনা দিয়েই যে তাঁরা শুধু বেশবাস করতেন তা নয়, মধ্যযুগে বাঙালি মেয়ের পরিধেয় অলংকারের মধ্যে ছিল শঙ্খ, ঝিনুকের তৈরি গহনা। আবার ফুলের তৈরি গহনাও ছিল বিশেষ উল্লেখযোগ্য। অবশ্য আর্থ-সামাজিক অবস্থার মাপকাঠিতে মেয়েদের অলংকার ব্যবহারও বদলে যেত।অর্থাৎ অষ্টাদশ শতকের বাংলাসাহিত্যে বাঙালি মেয়েরঅলংকার সংস্কৃতির গভীর তাৎপর্য রয়েছে।

Keywords: মধ্যযুগ, অলংকার, বাঙালি মেয়ে, সংস্কৃতি।

Page No: 195-202

Author: চন্দন ভট্টাচার্য

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020029

Abstract: নিজেকে কমিউনিস্ট বলে পরিচয় সুকান্তর কবিতায় বারবার উঠে এসেছে শ্রমজীবী মানুষের দুঃখ-কষ্ট, শ্রেণীচেতনা। অতি অল্প বয়সেই তিনি দ্বান্দ্বিক বস্তুবাদের ঐতিহাসিক তাৎপর্য অনুধাবন করেছিলেন ও কবিতায় নিপুণভাবে প্রয়োগ করেছিলেন। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ, মন্বন্তর সমকালীন ও উত্তরকালে শোষিত মানুষের যুগ যুগ সঞ্চিত বিক্ষোভকে ছন্দে ভাষায় মূর্ত করে তুলতে চেয়েছিলেন। ছাড়পত্র, আগামী, চারাগাছ, আগ্নেয়গিরি, সিগারেট, কলম, একটি মোরগের কাহিনী, বোধন, রানার, ঐতিহাসিক ইত্যাদি কবিতাগুলিতে প্রতিফলিত হয়েছে শোষণ নিপীড়নহীন সমাজ গড়ে তোলার প্রাণপণ প্রয়াসের প্রতিশ্রুতি। শোষণভিত্তিক সমাজের স্বরূপ উদঘাটনে ও তার বৈজ্ঞানিক বিশ্লেষণে সুকান্তকাব্যের অনন্যতা এই সব প্রতীকী কবিতাগুলির মধ্যে প্রতিভাত।কবিতাগুলিতেশুধু সমকালই নয়, সম্ভাব্য আগামীকালও প্রতিফলিত।

Keywords: কবি সুকান্ত, সুকান্ত ভট্টাচার্য, সুকান্তের কবিতা, শ্রেণীচেতনা।

Page No: 203-213

Author: Bandana Sautya & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020030

Abstract: আলোচ্য নিবন্ধের সূচনায় ‘পাগল’ শব্দটি ব্যবহারের সংবেদনশীলতা এবং মানসিক স্বাস্থ্যের বিভিন্ন জটিল দিক সম্পর্কে সচেতনতার গুরুত্ব তুলে ধরা হয়েছে। আলোচনার কেন্দ্রে রয়েছে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের ‘ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ’ গল্পের মেহের আলি এবং বিভূতিভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের ‘তিরোলের বালা’ গল্পের পূর্ণিমা। মেহের আলিকে শাহীবাগের তুলার মাশুল-কালেক্টরের বিকল্প-সত্তা (Alter-ego) রূপে দেখানো হয়েছে, যিনি অতীত ও বর্তমানের (Illusions and Reality) দ্বন্দ্বে মোহাচ্ছন্ন হয়ে পড়েছেন। প্রাসাদ-রাক্ষসের গ্রাস থেকে মুক্তি পাওয়া সত্ত্বেও তিনি প্রতিদিন ‘তফাত যাও, সব ঝুট হ্যায়’ বলে সতর্কবার্তা দিতে থাকেন। অন্যদিকে, অপরূপ রূপবতী পূর্ণিমাকে তার দাদা পাগলাকালীর বালা পরানোর উদ্দেশ্যে সুদূর তিরোলে নিয়ে যাচ্ছেন। পূর্ণিমা দুই মাস ধরে নীরব থাকলেও, অপরিচিত পরিবেশে তার মানসিক ভারসাম্য লঙ্ঘিত হতে পারে -এই আশঙ্কা বিদ্যমান ছিল । আপাতদৃষ্টিতে শান্ত, অতিথিপরায়ণ এই তরুণীর আচরণে ফ্রয়েডীয় জীবন-মৃত্যু দ্বিপক্ষবাদের (Life and Death Polarity) জটিল মনস্তত্ত্বের প্রতিফলন ঘটেছে, যা তাকে চরম মুহূর্তে আত্মরক্ষার তাগিদে পরঘাতী করে তুলেছে। এই দুটি চরিত্রের বিশ্লেষণের মাধ্যমে লেখকদ্বয় মানসিক বৈকল্যের জটিলতা ও মনস্তত্ত্বের গভীরতাকে উন্মোচন করেছেন।

Keywords: পাগল, মানসিক প্রতিবন্ধী, পাগল চরিত্র, বাংলা ছোটগল্প, ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ, মেহের আলি, তিরোলের বালা, পূর্ণিমা।

Page No: 214-224

Author: Minati Sau Bhaumik & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020031

Abstract: অষ্টাদশ শতকের ভারতচন্দ্রের ‘বিদ্যাসুন্দর’ কাব্য যাত্রাপালা হিসেবে ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর বাংলায়, বিশেষত কলকাতায় নতুন রূপ লাভ করেছিল। ‘অন্নদামঙ্গল’ কাব্যের দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড হিসেবে ‘বিদ্যাসুন্দর’ কাব্যের ব্যাপক জনপ্রিয়তার কারণে ভারতচন্দ্রও বিদ্যাসুন্দরের কবিরূপে পরিচিত হন। এই যাত্রার মূল আখ্যান ছিল বর্ধমানের রাজকন্যা বিদ্যা এবং কাঞ্চীর রাজকুমার সুন্দরের গোপন মিলনকে কেন্দ্র করে। কবিওয়ালাদের যুগে এই যাত্রায় নৃত্য ও গীতের আধিক্য ছিল, যা কবি-সঙ্গীতের দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়েছিল। কলকাতায় মহারাষ্ট্রীয় বাইজীদের আগমনের পর যাত্রা-সঙ্গীতে তবলা ও ঘুঙুরের ব্যবহার শুরু হয় এবং টপ্পা গান জনপ্রিয়তা লাভ করে। এই পটভূমিতেই গোপাল উড়িয়ার হাতে বিদ্যাসুন্দর যাত্রার পথচলা। গোপাল প্রবর্তিত নৃত্যের নতুন রীতি সম্ভবত উড়িয়া সংস্কৃতির বঙ্গীয়করণ ছিল। তিনি যাত্রা থেকে পয়ার সম্পূর্ণ বাদ দিয়ে গান ও নাচকে একত্রিত করে একটি পুরো ‘Ballet’ তৈরি করেন। গোপাল উড়িয়ার যাত্রা ছিল আদিরস-ভিত্তিক ও আধ্যাত্মিকতা-বর্জিত, যা উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথমার্ধের বাঙালির বিকৃত রস-পিপাসার চরম দলিল হয়ে ওঠে। গোপালের পালায় ব্যবহৃত চলিত বাংলা ভাষায় রচিত অনেক গান রাম বসুর রচনা হতে পারে বলে অনুমান করা হয়, যা তৎকালীন মজলিশী সমাজের বে-আব্রু ভাষা ছিল।

Keywords: যাত্রা, ভারতচন্দ্র, বিদ্যাসুন্দর যাত্রা, গোপাল উড়িয়া, গোপাল উড়ে, টপ্পা গান, রাম বসু।

Page No: 225-232

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020032

Abstract: India’s economic and environmental thought has historically evolved within an integrated framework of agriculture, ecology, ethics, and community welfare. Traditional Indian knowledge systems conceptualized economy not merely as material production but as a balanced relationship between humans, nature, and society. Agricultural practices, environmental management, and economic activities were governed by principles of sustainability, reciprocity, and dharma. This paper critically examines Indian economic thought, agricultural practices, and environmental knowledge within the traditional context of National Knowledge Systems (NKS). It analyzes philosophical foundations, historical evolution, ecological practices, and contemporary relevance. The study argues that integrating traditional knowledge with modern economic and environmental policies can contribute significantly to sustainable development and ecological resilience.

Keywords: Indian Economy, Traditional Agriculture, Environmental Knowledge, National Knowledge Systems, Sustainability.

Page No: 233-236

Author: Archana Dey

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03020033

Abstract(সারসংক্ষেপ): প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা একটি জাতির মানবসম্পদ উন্নয়নের মৌলিক ভিত্তি হিসেবে স্বীকৃত, কারণ এই স্তরেই শিশুর জ্ঞান, দক্ষতা, মূল্যবোধ এবং সামাজিক আচরণের প্রাথমিক বিকাশ ঘটে। তবে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষার গুণগত মান ও শিক্ষার্থীদের সক্রিয় অংশগ্রহণ কেবলমাত্র শিক্ষা ব্যবস্থার প্রাতিষ্ঠানিক কাঠামোর ওপর নির্ভরশীল নয়; বরং সামাজিক ও অর্থনৈতিক বিভিন্ন উপাদানের সঙ্গে এটি গভীরভাবে সম্পৃক্ত। এই গবেষণামূলক প্রবন্ধে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষায় সামাজিক-অর্থনৈতিক অবস্থার বহুমাত্রিক প্রভাব বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। গবেষণায় পরিবারের আয়, পিতামাতার শিক্ষাগত যোগ্যতা, সামাজিক শ্রেণি, পেশাগত অবস্থান এবং বসবাসের পরিবেশ কীভাবে শিশুর বিদ্যালয়ে প্রবেশ, নিয়মিত উপস্থিতি ও শিক্ষাগত সাফল্যকে প্রভাবিত করে তা আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। পাশাপাশি লিঙ্গভিত্তিক বৈষম্য, কন্যাশিশুর শিক্ষা সংক্রান্ত সামাজিক মনোভাব, গ্রামীণ ও শহুরে শিক্ষাসুবিধার পার্থক্য এবং এসবের ফলে সৃষ্ট শিক্ষাগত অসমতার দিকগুলো বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। এছাড়া রাষ্ট্রের নীতিমালা, যেমন উপবৃত্তি, মিড-ডে মিল, বিনামূল্যে পাঠ্যপুস্তক বিতরণ এবং শিক্ষক প্রশিক্ষণ কর্মসূচির ভূমিকা পর্যালোচনা করা হয়েছে। এই গবেষণাটি গুণগত ও তাত্ত্বিক বিশ্লেষণের মাধ্যমে দেখাতে চেয়েছে যে সামাজিক-অর্থনৈতিক বৈষম্য দূর না করা হলে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষায় সমতা ও গুণগত উন্নয়ন অর্জন সম্ভব নয়। গবেষণার ফলাফল নীতিনির্ধারক, গবেষক ও শিক্ষা সংশ্লিষ্ট অংশীজনদের জন্য কার্যকর দিকনির্দেশনা প্রদান করে।

Keywords(মূল শব্দ): প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা, সামাজিক-অর্থনৈতিক অবস্থা, শিক্ষাগত বৈষম্য, মানবসম্পদ উন্নয়ন, শিক্ষা নীতি

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