Author: Samir Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040001

Abstract: Education has long been recognized as a key driver of social transformation, individual empowerment, and economic development. In India, girls’ education continues to face unique challenges, particularly among marginalized communities such as Scheduled Castes (SCs), who have historically experienced social exclusion, economic deprivation, and systemic discrimination. Parental support plays a critical role in shaping educational participation, especially at higher secondary levels, where the transition from schooling to tertiary education or vocational opportunities occurs. This study explores the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and parental attitudes toward girls’ higher secondary education in SC families, with a focus on Purulia district, West Bengal. By investigating socio-cultural, economic, and structural factors, the research seeks to identify barriers and facilitators influencing SC parents’ support for their daughters’ education. The study concludes that while economic constraints, traditional gender norms, low parental literacy, and infrastructural limitations act as significant impediments, higher socio-economic status, government programs, maternal influence, community awareness, and recognition of long-term benefits can foster positive attitudes and active support.

Keywords: Girls’ education, Scheduled Castes, Parental attitude, Socio-economic status, Higher secondary education, Purulia, West Bengal.

Page No: 1-5

Author: Dr. Manoj Kumar Sharma

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040002

Abstract: Aim of the study: This study aims to investigate the multifaceted influence of online advertising on consumer purchasing decisions, particularly examining how various dimensions such as informativeness, credibility, and interactivity shape consumer preferences and subsequent buying behavior.

Methodology: A quantitative analysis of consumers will be done to capture the nuanced psychological and behavioral responses to digital advertising.

Findings: Preliminary findings indicate a significant positive correlation between perceived ad credibility and purchase intent, with interactive ad formats demonstrating a higher propensity to influence consumer decision-making compared to static banners. The research further intends to explore the evolving landscape of internet advertising, particularly focusing on how advanced formats and increased investment in digital campaigns by companies are shaping consumer inclinations and purchasing behaviors. This extensive growth in online advertising, spurred by the vast increase in internet users, necessitates a deeper understanding of its intricate correlation with consumer shopping behavior.

Implication; This study provides critical insights for advertisers and marketers to optimize digital campaign strategies, enhance consumer engagement, and ultimately drive sales by leveraging the persuasive power of online advertising. Furthermore, it addresses existing research gaps by analyzing both short-term persuasive effects and long-term behavioral modifications influenced by varying digital advertising modalities.

Keywords: Online Advertising, Consumer Behavior, Purchase Intention, Digital Marketing, Advertising Effectiveness

Page No: 6-19

Author: Paramita Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040003

Abstract: Academic stress has become a significant issue in the contemporary educational system due to increasing academic competition, examination pressure, and societal expectations. The present article explores the concept, major causes, effects, and management strategies of academic stress among students. Academic stress arises when educational demands exceed students’ coping abilities, leading to psychological and emotional strain. Factors such as heavy academic workload, parental expectations, peer competition, and fear of failure contribute significantly to stress levels among learners. The article further discusses the negative effects of academic stress on students’ mental health, academic performance, physical well-being, and social relationships. Prolonged stress may result in anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, sleep disorders, and reduced concentration. The study also highlights effective stress management strategies, including proper time management, healthy lifestyle practices, physical exercise, counseling services, and supportive learning environments. In addition, the role of teachers and parents in providing emotional support and reducing academic pressure is emphasized. The article concludes that balanced educational practices and positive support systems are essential for promoting students’ holistic development and academic success.

Keywords: Academic Stress, Mental Health, Academic Performance, Students, Stress Management.

Page No: 20-23

Author: Dipika Priya, Minakshi Gupta, Rashmi & Dr. Santosh Kumar Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040004

Abstract: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important opportunistic pathogen associated with a variety of healthcareassociated infections. The rise of colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae represents a significant global health threat, as colistin is frequently used as a last-resort antibiotic that requires continuous monitoring for effective antimicrobial therapy and infection control strategies. Present studies evaluate the prevalence and in-vitro antibiotics antibiotic susceptibility of K. pneumoniae clinical isolates at a tertiary care hospital,along with their demographic and clinical distribution.Clinical isolates from a tertiary care hospital, along with their demographic and clinical distribution, were analyzed in this retrospective study, which included 556 Gram-negative bacterial isolates obtained from various clinical specimens between December 2023 and March 2024.The VITEK-2 automated system was used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The distribution of K. pneumoniae isolates by gender, age group, clinical specimen and hospital location was evaluated. We also assessed patterns of colistin resistance and susceptibility to other available antibiotics. A Chi-square test was applied to find the association of colistin resistance with demographic variables, (where p <0.05). Extensive resistance to βlactams, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides was detected by antibiotic susceptibility testing. In- vitro susceptibility was minimal for fosfomycin (22.7%), ertapenem (18.2%), tigecycline (13.6%)and gentamicin (9.1%), indicating the presence of extensively drug-resistant strains. The emergence of colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae with extensive drug resistance and serious therapeutic limitations has become a significant public health issue, as this study highlighted. These results highlight the importance of surveillance against antimicrobial resistance, strong infection control policies and practices, and effective implementation of programs related to antimicrobial stewardship in order to limit transmission of resistant strains. Early detection and judicious use of antibiotics are the keys to ensuring colistin and other last-line antibiotics remain effective.

Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Colistin resistance, Antimicrobial resistance, Nosocomial infections, Multidrug resistance, ICU infections.

Page No: 24-31

Author: Kartick Ch. Paik & Dr. Syamaprosad Datta

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040005

Abstract: ভারতের জনসংখ্যার একটা বিশাল অংশ হলো উপজাতি সম্প্রদায়ের মানুষ তথা আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়ের মানুষ। মোট জনসংখ্যার শতকরা 5 শতাংশ আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়। যদিও এই সম্প্রদায়কে কেউ আদিবাসী, কেউ আদিম জাতি, কেউ গিরিজন প্রভৃতি বলে চিহ্নিত করেছেন। ভারতের সংবিধানে এরা উপজাতি সম্প্রদায় ভুক্ত হিসাবে চিহ্নিত হয়েছে। আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায় নিয়ে অনেক গবেষণা হয়েছে বহুকাল ধরে লেখা হয়েছে অজস্র বই পত্র পত্রিকা। এটির মধ্যে নতুনত্ব কিছু নেই। আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায় নিয়ে শহরে অভিজাত মানুষের ধারণা খুব উন্নত যে তা নয় আমরা নিজেদের ছোট্ট জ্ঞান থেকে বুঝতে পারি। শিক্ষিত সুশীলসমাজ আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়কে নিয়ে অনেক গবেষণা হয়েছে বহুকাল ধরে লেখা হয়েছে অজস্র বই পত্র পত্রিকা। এটির মধ্যে নতুনত্ব কিছু নেই। আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায় নিয়ে শহরে অভিজাত মানুষের ধারণা খুব উন্নত যে তা নয় আমরা নিজেদের ছোট্ট জ্ঞান থেকে বুঝতে পারি। শিক্ষিত সুশীলসমাজ আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায়কে বিভিন্ন সময়ে হেয় করতে পিছুপা হয়না এর উদাহরণ আমরা ইতিহাসে পেয়ে থাকি। আদিবাসী মানে এদের চোখে বর্বর, অসভ্য, নরখাদক, জংলি এক আদিম সম্প্রদায়। দীর্ঘকাল ধরে নানান অজুহাতে এদেরকে দূরে সরিয়ে রাখা হয়েছে, ব্যবধান করা হয়েছে তাদের সঙ্গে মূল সমাজব্যবস্থার। ইংরেজ শাসনের পূর্ব থেকে আদিবাসী সম্প্রদায় অন্যান্য সম্প্রদায়ের সঙ্গে ভারতবর্ষের বুকে বসবাস করেছে মিলেমিশে। মিশে গেছে তাদের বিভিন্ন সংস্কৃতি হিন্দু সংস্কৃতির সঙ্গে।

Keywords: উপজাতি সম্প্রদায়, আদিবাসী, আদিম জাতি, উত্তর 24 পরগণা জেলা, সমাজব্যবস্থা।

Page No: 32-37

Author: Matiur Rahaman & Dr. Shankar Nath Sen

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040006

Abstract: In terms of worldwide conservation, India is in a paradoxical position because it is both one of the most biodiverse countries in the world and one of the most densely populated, leading to severe conflicts between the survival of wildlife and human needs. India is a conservation area of planetary significance, supporting over 8% of global biodiversity within just 2.4% of the Earth’s land surface and housing four of the 36 recognised biodiversity hotspots worldwide. However, compared to its true ecological impact, hunting— which includes subsistence poaching, commercial wildlife trafficking, ritualistic killing, and crop-protection culling—remains a seriously understudied concern. While habitat loss and the preservation of charismatic megafauna like tigers, elephants, and rhinoceroses have received a lot of scientific and policy attention, the wider range of hunting pressure across taxonomic groups, geographical regions, and socioeconomic contexts has not gotten enough attention. The legislative framework under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 is reviewed, the unique challenges of northeast India and other biodiversity-critical regions are examined, the social aspects of indigenous and subsistence hunting are explored, and a comprehensive research and policy agenda is proposed. This paper summarises current knowledge on hunting as a conservation threat in India. It contends that India’s biodiversity will continue to quietly decline in the absence of a more methodical, multidisciplinary, and geographically encompassing understanding of hunting dynamics, especially among the less researched taxa that support ecosystem function.

Keywords: Northeast India, Western Ghats, Illegal Wildlife Trade, Hunting, Poaching, Bushmeat, India, Biodiversity Conservation, Wildlife Protection Act, And Subsistence Hunting.

Page No: 38-48

Author: Ashis Ghosh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040007

Abstract: The 2020 education policy serves as a bearer and embodiment of national progress. A good teacher can effectively manage the classroom environment, which is a goal reflected in this education policy. To reform the education system and make education more qualitative, a new education policy was adopted in 2020.This education policy will bring about a radical transformation in India’s education system and give birth to a new education system. Therefore, research on the 2020 education policy has shown that the approach and structural reforms have significantly influenced systemic changes in the education sector and the teacher training process. In this education system, we see a shift away from separate institutions towards a multidisciplinary approach, where the entire education system is being managed through a technologyenabled ecosystem. This research shows that the education system has incorporated a four-year B.Ed. program, where our subject-specific knowledge, teaching methods, and continuous training and research are integrated in a holistic manner. This research highlights the importance of students’ professional skills as well as teachers’ professional skills, and emphasizes the use of inclusive education and technology-based education. Here, importance is given to education based on experience and qualifications .The country and the state are facing a challenge in implementing what has been highlighted in this research.

Nevertheless, this education policy provides a powerful framework for transforming teachers and education in new ways.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Teacher Education, Four-Year Integrated B.Ed., Multidisciplinary Education, Professional Development, Inclusive Education, Experiential Learning, Technology-Enabled Ecosystem, Educational Reform.

Page No: 49-53

Author: Dr. Kasturi Bera & Dr. Pratima Pareek

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040008

Abstract: Poverty remains one of the most persistent socio-economic challenges in West Bengal, despite decades of policy interventions and development initiatives. This research article offers a comprehensive socio-economic analysis of poverty alleviation strategies in the state, examining their effectiveness, limitations, and long-term implications. Drawing upon theoretical perspectives, policy frameworks, and empirical insights, the study explores the multidimensional nature of poverty and the role of government schemes, grassroots institutions, and community participation in addressing it. The paper argues that while significant progress has been made in reducing poverty levels, structural inequalities, regional disparities, and implementation gaps continue to hinder sustainable development. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for integrated, inclusive, and context-specific strategies to ensure equitable socio-economic transformation.

Keywords: Poverty, West Bengal, Rural Development, SHGs, Microfinance, Inequality, Social Policy, Livelihood, Inclusive Growth.

Page No: 54-58

Author: Dr. Satyapal Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040009

Abstract: Supplier selection plays a crucial role in achieving sustainability within modern supply chains, as organizations must balance economic performance with environmental and social responsibilities. The decision making process is inherently complex due to the presence of multiple conflicting criteria and uncertainty in evaluation data. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach for sustainable supplier selection. The proposed framework integrates fuzzy set theory with established MCDM techniques to effectively handle vagueness and imprecision in expert judgments. Linguistic assessments are modeled using triangular fuzzy numbers, enabling decision makers to express preferences in a flexible manner. The methodology systematically evaluates and ranks potential suppliers based on sustainability-related criteria such as cost, quality, environmental impact, and social responsibility. A numerical illustration is presented to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results indicate that the fuzzy MCDM framework provides consistent and reliable supplier rankings, supporting decision makers in selecting the most suitable sustainable suppliers. The proposed model offers a practical decision support tool for improving sustainability performance in supply chain management.

Keywords: Fuzzy Sets, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Sustainable Supplier Selection, Fuzzy Ahp, Fuzzy Topsis, Supply Chain Management.

Page No: 59-70

Author: Dr. K. Jayaraman & M. Shanmugapriya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040010

Abstract: The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed educational practices, leading to the development of intelligent, adaptive, and learner-centered environments. This paper critically examines the role of AI in shaping 21st century learning environments, focusing on its impact on personalized learning, instructional strategies, student engagement, and institutional effectiveness. Drawing on recent scholarly literature (2020–2026), the study highlights both the opportunities and challenges associated with AI integration in education. While AI enhances accessibility, efficiency, and academic outcomes, concerns related to data privacy, digital inequality, and ethical use remain significant. The study concludes that effective implementation of AI requires a balanced approach that integrates technological innovation with pedagogical principles.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Learning Environments, Adaptive Learning, Educational Technology, Higher Education, Digital Transformation.

Page No: 71-77

Author: Lakhimai Chetry

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040011

Abstract: Commercial dairy farming in Assam began during the British period, particularly after the Treaty of Segowali (1816), which facilitated the migration of Gorkha families from Nepal to Assam and other regions of India. Historically, the Gorkha community has been characterized by its unique pastoral systems and livestock management strategies, which have evolved over centuries. The indigenous knowledge systems that govern these practices are crucial for understanding how local communities interact with their environment, particularly concerning the sustainable management of dairy resources. By employing historical, analytical, and descriptive methodologies, this study elucidates the intricate relationships between cultural identity and ecological governance.

At the core of Gorkha cattle culture is a profound respect for biodiversity and an understanding of ecosystem dynamics. The traditional practices associated with Gorkha cattle such as selective breeding, rotational grazing, and integrated crop-livestock systems demonstrate an sharp awareness of ecological stability, while significantly contributing to Assam’s overall dairy production.

The study highlight the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) embedded within the Gorkha cattle culture presents a compelling narrative that intersects cultural heritage with contemporary sustainability practices in dairy development. The findings also reveal that the Gorkhas’ cattle culture not only preserves ecological balance but also strengthens the socio- economic foundation of dairy farming in the state. These indigenous methods can be further incorporated to increase productivity and guarantee the dairy industry in Assam develops sustainably with the right kind of policy backing and scientific training.

Keywords: Traditional Ecological Knowledge, Gorkhas, Sustainable Management, Dairy Farming, SocioCulture Practice, Farming.

Page No: 78-84

Author: Jayanta Mahali & Dr. Kaliram Murmu

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040012

Abstract: Mental health issues among students have become a pressing concern in modern educational environments, largely due to rising academic demands, intense competition, and shifting social expectations. This study explores how academic pressure affects student well-being and the coping strategies they use to handle psychological stress. Adopting a cross-sectional research approach, data were gathered using standardized tools to measure stress levels, emotional health, and coping behaviours. The results indicate a strong link between increased academic pressure and higher levels of anxiety, stress, and emotional fatigue among students. In contrast, those who engaged in adaptive coping strategies—such as problem-solving, seeking social support, and practicing mindfulness—reported better psychological well-being and greater resilience. On the other hand, maladaptive strategies like avoidance and self-isolation were associated with worsening mental health outcomes. The study emphasizes the important role coping mechanisms play in reducing the negative impact of academic stress. It highlights the need for educational institutions to incorporate mental health services, stress management initiatives, and coping skills training into their systems. A comprehensive approach to student mental health can improve well-being, boost academic involvement, and lead to better overall educational outcomes.

Keywords: Student Mental Health, Academic Pressure, Psychological Well-Being, Coping Strategies.

Page No: 85-91

Author: Tarak Nath Bhunia & Dr. Jayanta Mete

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040013

Abstract: Social stratification, deeply rooted in caste, class, gender, and regional inequalities, continues to influence educational access, participation, and outcomes in India. Marginalized and vulnerable groups continue to face limited access to quality education, which has emerged as a major concern for policymakers.This paper examines the impact of stratification using recent statistical data from national databases such as Unified District Information System for Education Plus and All India Survey on Higher Education. The study highlights disparities in literacy, enrolment, dropout, and higher education access. Findings indicate that while India has achieved near-universal primary education, inequalities intensify at higher levels due to structural barriers.

Keywords: Social Stratification, Educational Inequality, Educational Stratification, Caste, Class, Gender Disparity, NEP 2020.

Page No: 92-97

Author: Subhas Bose

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040014

Abstract: Traditional grammar frameworks classify English tense into past, present, and future. However, contemporary linguistic analysis suggests that English lacks a morphologically distinct future tense. This study argues that presenting the future as a separate tense in English Language Teaching (ELT) introduces unnecessary complexity and may hinder learner fluency.

Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the study combines corpus analysis of future-oriented utterances from the British National Corpus (BNC) with survey data from 200 ESL instructors and a controlled classroom experiment involving 100 learners. Future expressions are categorized into four functional domains: intention, prediction, arrangement, and spontaneity.

 The findings indicate that approximately 74% of future expressions rely on present-based constructions or modal auxiliaries such as will. Moreover, learners taught using a functional, modality-based approach demonstrated 22% higher communicative accuracy than those taught through traditional tense-based instruction.

The paper proposes a simplified Non-Past Model and introduces the concept of Functional Futurity, emphasizing meaning over rigid tense classification. The study concludes that revising how futurity is taught can improve both accuracy and fluency in ELT contexts.

Keywords: English Language Teaching, Modality, Tense, Functional Futurity, Non-Past Model.

Page No: 98-105

Author: Avijit Lahiri

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040015

Abstract: Women have been recognized as indispensable contributors to small-scale fisheries in rural India, yet their roles have often remained under-documented and undervalued. The present study had been conducted to assess the gender-based division of labour, economic contribution, livelihood dependence, and challenges faced by women engaged in small-scale fisheries. Primary data had been collected from 80 respondents across selected rural fishing communities, supported by secondary literature for contextual analysis. The findings had revealed that women had been actively involved in post-harvest activities, including fish processing, marketing, and value addition, while their participation in capture fisheries had remained limited due to socio-cultural constraints. Despite lower visibility, women had contributed significantly to household income, accounting for a substantial share of fisheries-related earnings. However, gender disparities had been evident in access to resources, decision-making power, and institutional support. Key constraints had included limited access to credit, inadequate infrastructure, and social marginalization. The study had emphasized the need for gender-inclusive fisheries policies, capacity building initiatives, and improved market access to enhance women’s economic empowerment and sustainability of small-scale fisheries.

Keywords: Women in Fisheries, Gender Roles, Livelihood, Small-Scale Fisheries, Rural India, Economic Contribution.

Page No: 106-110

Author: Debadatta Ghosh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040016

Abstract: The rapid growth of electronic devices, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, wearable technologies, and wireless sensor networks has significantly increased global energy consumption and electronic waste. Conventional battery-powered systems present limitations in sustainability, including limited lifespan, environmental pollution, and maintenance challenges. Hybrid energy harvesting (HEH) technologies have emerged as a promising solution to address these concerns by integrating multiple renewable energy sources—such as solar, thermal, mechanical, radio frequency (RF), and vibration—into unified systems capable of generating continuous power for low-energy electronics. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, design principles, materials, optimization strategies, applications, challenges, and future directions of hybrid energy harvesting systems for sustainable and eco-friendly electronics. The study highlights how hybridization improves reliability, energy density, and efficiency compared to single-source harvesters. Additionally, the paper discusses emerging trends such as AI-based power management, flexible materials, nanogenerators, and self-powered smart devices. Hybrid energy harvesting represents a critical pathway toward carbon-neutral electronics and next-generation sustainable technological ecosystems.

Keywords: Hybrid Energy Harvesting, Sustainable Electronics, Renewable Energy, IoT Devices, Green Technology, Power Management, Nanogenerators.

Page No: 111-118

Author: Dr. Biman Mitra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040017

Abstract: This study critically re-evaluates the literary style and narrative innovations of Pyarichand Mitra, foregrounding his decisive role in shaping the early contours of modern Bengali prose fiction. With particular reference to his seminal novel Alaler Gharer Dulal, the research argues that Pyarichand Mitra’s originality lies not simply in his preference for colloquial language, but in his systematic reorientation of narrative form towards social realism and psychological immediacy.

The paper demonstrates that Pyarichand Mitra consciously displaced the ornate, moralising prose tradition by introducing a conversational narrative voice, episodic structure and situational humour that mirror the lived experiences of the emerging urban middle class. Satire, irony and dialogic spontaneity function as integral narrative strategies through which social hypocrisy, cultural imitation and ethical uncertainty are exposed. Rather than constructing idealised moral types, Pyarichand Mitra presents characters marked by ambivalence, inconsistency and social aspiration, thereby anticipating a modern realist sensibility in Bengali fiction.

Through close stylistic and structural analysis, the study reveals how Pyarichand Mitra’s narrative technique redefines the relationship between literature and society. His fiction transforms storytelling into a medium of social observation rather than moral instruction, allowing everyday life, domestic conflict and urban manners to become legitimate subjects of literary representation.

The research concludes that Pyarichand Mitra’s lasting innovation resides in his synthesis of vernacular expression, satirical realism and narrative flexibility. By grounding literary form in contemporary social experience, he not only broadened the expressive possibilities of Bengali prose but also established a foundational framework for the subsequent evolution of the modern Bengali novel.

Keywords: Narrative Innovation, Social Realism, Psychological Immediacy, Vernacularisation of Prose, Satirical Narrative Strategy, Literature–Society Interface.

Page No: 119-129

Author: Sourav Mukherjee & Dr. Chandra Sekhar Halder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040018

Abstract: বাণী বসুর কথাসাহিত্যে ইতিহাসচেতনা ও বৌদ্ধ দর্শন এক গভীর মানবিক ও দার্শনিক পরিসর নির্মাণ করে, যার কেন্দ্রে অবস্থান করে মধ্যবিত্ত সত্তার সংকট ও আত্মঅনুসন্ধান। তাঁর উপন্যাসে ইতিহাস কেবল অতীতের বিবরণ নয়; বরং তা সমসাময়িক অভিজ্ঞতা, স্মৃতি ও সামাজিক বাস্তবতার আলোকে পুনর্গঠিত এক গতিশীল চেতনা। বিশেষত নকশাল আন্দোলনের মতো ঘটনাপ্রবাহ মধ্যবিত্ত জীবনের মূল্যবোধ ও স্থিতিকে প্রশ্নের মুখে দাঁড় করায়, যা তাঁর রচনায় শিল্পিতভাবে প্রতিফলিত হয়েছে। অন্যদিকে, বৌদ্ধ দর্শনের চার আর্যসত্য, প্রতীত্যসমুৎপাদ এবং আর্য অষ্টাঙ্গিক মার্গের ধারণা তাঁর চরিত্রচিত্রণ ও ভাবনাপ্রবাহে অন্তর্নিহিতভাবে উপস্থিত। দুঃখ, অনিত্যতা, তৃষ্ণা ও মুক্তির অনুসন্ধান চরিত্রদের মানসিক অভিজ্ঞতার মধ্য দিয়ে প্রকাশ পায়, যা মধ্যবিত্ত জীবনের অস্তিত্বগত সংকটকে দার্শনিক ব্যাখ্যা প্রদান করে। এইভাবে ইতিহাস ও বৌদ্ধ ভাবনার সমন্বয়ে বাণী বসু এক মানবকেন্দ্রিক, অন্তর্মুখী ও সমকালীন জীবনবোধ নির্মাণ করেছেন, যা বাংলা কথাসাহিত্যে একটি স্বতন্ত্র তাৎপর্য বহন করে।

Keywords: বৌদ্ধ দর্শন, চার আর্যসত্য, আর্য অষ্টাঙ্গিক মার্গ, প্রতীত্যসমুৎপাদ, সংযম ও ধ্যান, মুক্তির ধারণা, জীবনচক্র (জন্ম–জরা–মৃত্যু)।

Page No: 130-139

Author: Dr. Shibendu Midya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040019

Abstract: Mathematics and Computer Science are two deeply interconnected disciplines that together form the foundation of modern technological advancement. Mathematics provides the logical structures, abstract reasoning, and analytical methods that support computational systems, while Computer Science applies these mathematical principles to develop algorithms, software, data structures, artificial intelligence, and digital communication technologies. The relationship between these fields has transformed scientific research, industrial development, education, communication, healthcare, and global economic systems. This research article explores the intersection of mathematics and computer science by examining their historical relationship, conceptual foundations, computational applications, and influence on contemporary society. The study discusses the role of logic, algorithms, discrete mathematics, probability, cryptography, data science, and artificial intelligence in shaping computational innovation. The article also analyzes educational significance, ethical concerns, and future prospects associated with the integration of mathematics and computer science. Through analytical discussion, the study demonstrates that mathematics and computer science are inseparable intellectual disciplines that continue to guide scientific progress and technological transformation in the digital age.

Keywords: Mathematics, Computer Science, Algorithms, Logic, Artificial Intelligence, Data Science,Computational Thinking, Technology.

Page No: 140-149

Author: Khondeker Dilshad Haque

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040020

Abstract: Countless inspiring women have made historic contribution to science but they remained as the neglected pioneers. Their invaluable contributions and discoveries are often being unaddressed in main discourse of science. Despite their tremendous contributions they are treated unfit in general to be good scientist and their achievements are not being well acknowledged. The occasion of Nobel Prize is clear evidence of this absurd contention. It becomes a self-reinforcing loop, sustaining gender inequality in a system already marked by long-standing unfairness. Many deserving women have gone unrewarded over the years for their egregious achievement. While no concrete evidence suggests that women are inherently inferior to men, overwhelming evidence documents the misogyny, sexism, and institutional bias that hinder their careers and consistently fail to recognize their outstanding achievements. Nobel prize is not an exception to this notion. Now it will need to ask hard questions to readdress this imbalance. Discriminating women in respect with their caste, class, race, gender and geographical location is an irreparable harm for advancement of science. There is a way of changing attitude in science could be by re-gendering the notion of what science is.

Keywords: Science, Nobel, Women, Equality, Imbalance.

Page No: 150-159

Author: Puja Sarkar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040021

Abstract: Dara Shikoh, the Mughal prince and scholar, stands as a pivotal figure in comparative religious studies, particularly through his exploration of Tasawwuf (Sufism) and Vedanta, two profound mystical traditions within Islam and Hinduism. His seminal work, Majma al-Bahrain (The Confluence of Two Oceans), represents a groundbreaking attempt to bridge these traditions, highlighting their shared metaphysical truths and spiritual aspirations. Dara Shikoh argued that despite their different languages, rituals, and cultural contexts, both Tasawwuf and Vedanta converge on realizing divine unity and transcending the self. His vision of religious syncretism sought to dissolve the boundaries between Hinduism and Islam, promoting an understanding of religious traditions as interconnected paths leading to the same spiritual truth. This study examines Dara Shikoh’s contributions to religious harmony and assesses the relevance of his work in fostering interfaith dialogue in historical and modern contexts. By analyzing the philosophical commonalities he identified, this study underscores the enduring significance of his work in contemporary discussions on religious pluralism, unity, and tolerance. Dara Shikoh’s comparative approach offers valuable insights for promoting peace and mutual understanding among diverse faith communities, reaffirming the potential for different religious traditions to inform and enrich one another

Keywords: Dara Shikoh, Tasawwuf, Sufism, Vedanta, religious syncretism, interfaith dialogue, religious harmony, Majma al-Bahrain, comparative religion, Mughal India.

Page No: 160-168

Author: Sandip Bar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040022

Abstract: নাটকে সঙ্গীতের ব্যবহার প্রাচীন গ্রীক নাটকের কোরাস থেকে শুরু করে সংস্কৃত এবং আধুনিক বাংলা নাটক পর্যন্ত একটি দীর্ঘ ঐতিহ্য বহন করে আসছে। উনিশ শতকে বাংলা থিয়েটার ইউরোপীয় আদর্শে গড়ে উঠলেও, দেশজ ‘যাত্রা’র প্রভাবে এবং দর্শকদের মনোরঞ্জনের জন্য মাইকেল মধুসূদন, গিরিশচন্দ্র ও রবীন্দ্রনাথের হাত ধরে নাটকে সঙ্গীতের ব্যবহার অপরিহার্য হয়ে ওঠে। ১৯৪৩ সালে বামপন্থী রাজনৈতিক আদর্শে অনুপ্রাণিত গণনাট্য সঙ্ঘের প্রতিষ্ঠা বাংলা নাটকে এক নতুন সমান্তরাল ধারার জন্ম দেয়। দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ, ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলন, প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ এবং তেতাল্লিশের মন্বন্তরের পটভূমিতে বিজন ভট্টাচার্য ‘নবান্ন’ নাটকটি রচনা করেন। নাটকের প্রথম তিনটি অঙ্কে যুদ্ধ ও দুর্ভিক্ষের চরম ট্র্যাজেডি এবং মানুষের হৃতসর্বস্ব রূপ ফুটিয়ে তোলার জন্য নাট্যকার কোনো প্রত্যক্ষ গানের ব্যবহার করেননি; নাটকের চতুর্থ অঙ্কে এসে যখন সর্বহারা মানুষ গ্রামে ফিরে পুনর্গঠন ও সঙ্ঘবদ্ধতার মাধ্যমে বেঁচে থাকার স্বপ্ন দেখে, তখন নাট্যকার তিনটি দৃশ্যে তিনটি বিশেষ গান (নিরঞ্জন, ফকির এবং কৃষক রমণীদের গান) সংযোজন করেন। এর মধ্যে ফকিরের গাওয়া গানটি সাম্প্রদায়িক সম্প্রীতি এবং যৌথ প্রতিরোধের বার্তা দেয়, যা নাটকের মূল ভাবাদর্শকে ফুটিয়ে তোলে এবং এটি বাংলা নাটকে গণসঙ্গীতের এক অনন্য দৃষ্টান্ত স্থাপন করে। অভিনয়কালে সবকটি গানের প্রয়োগ না ঘটলেও, নাটকের অভ্যন্তরীণ গঠনে এবং বিজন ভট্টাচার্যের সাঙ্গীতিক প্রতিভার পরিচায়ক হিসেবে এই গানগুলির গুরুত্ব অপরিসীম।

Keywords:

Page No: 169-174

Author: Tanmoy Ruidas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040025

Abstract: Existentialism explores the individual’s search for meaning, identity and purpose amid suffering and alienation. Rohinton Mistry’s novelA Fine Balance presents this existential crisis through Maneck Kohlah, whose life unfolds against the socio-political backdrop of the Indian Emergency. While the novel has largely been examined through the lenses of politics, caste and marginalization, Maneck’s psychological and existential predicament has received comparatively less attention. This paper examines how state violence, displacement, the collapse of traditional values and the erosion of human relationships together fragment Maneck’s sense of self. Unlike Ishvar, Om and Dina Dalal, who continue to negotiate oppressive circumstances, Maneck gradually loses the capacity to confront a hostile world. His search for education and personal fulfilment ultimately becomes a search for meaning in a society marked by political oppression and moral decay. The paper argues that Maneck’s suicide is not merely an act of personal despair but the culmination of an existential crisis produced by violence, social disintegration and the loss of hope.

Keywords: Existentialism, Violence, Fragmentation, Self, Alienation, Maneck Kohlah, Identity.

Page No: 192-197

Author: Suranjit Ch. Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040023

Abstract: The Panchatantra is one of the most celebrated collections of ancient Indian wisdom literature, renowned for its moral, ethical, and practical teachings conveyed through engaging animal fables and narratives. Composed by the sage Vishnu Sharma, the text was originally intended to educate young princes in the principles of statecraft, leadership, and ethical conduct. Beyond its historical significance, the Panchatantra offers timeless lessons on human behavior, friendship, wisdom, honesty, justice, and social responsibility. Its stories present ethical principles in a simple yet profound manner, making them accessible to readers of all ages. In an era marked by rapid technological advancement, moral uncertainty, and increasing social complexity, the ethical teachings of the Panchatantra remain remarkably relevant. This article examines the major ethical values embedded in the Panchatantra and explores their significance in contemporary society. It argues that the text continues to serve as an important source of moral education and practical wisdom for individuals, educational institutions, and society at large.

Keywords: Panchatantra, Ethics, Moral Values, Vishnu Sharma, Character Education, Indian Literature, Contemporary Relevance.

Page No: 175-180

Author: Shabnam Parween

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04040024

Abstract: Teaching is a vital profession that contributes significantly to individual development and national progress. The effectiveness of teacher education largely depends on the professional commitment and job satisfaction of teacher educators, which influence teaching quality, research productivity, institutional commitment, and the preparation of future teachers. With the rapid expansion of B.Ed. colleges in India, particularly private self-financed institutions, disparities in salary, service conditions, workload, organizational climate, and professional development opportunities have emerged, making it necessary to examine teachers’ job satisfaction across different institutional settings.

The present study investigated the level of job satisfaction among teacher educators working in B.Ed. colleges of Dhanbad district, Jharkhand, and compared it across selected demographic and institutional variables. The study adopted a descriptive survey method with a comparative research design. A sample of 100 teacher educators (50 from government/government-aided and 50 from private B.Ed. colleges) was selected using the stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected through a Teacher Job Satisfaction Scale (TJSS)and aPersonal Information Schedule (PIS). The collected data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation, andmultiple regression analysis.

The findings revealed that teacher educators possessed a moderately high level of job satisfaction. Significant differences were observed with respect to institutional type and teaching experience, while no significant gender differences were found. Organizational climate, salary, leadership support, and professional development emerged as significant predictors of job satisfaction. The study offers useful implications for educational administrators and policymakers to improve faculty welfare and strengthen teacher education institutions.

Keywords: Teaching Profession, Job Satisfaction, Teacher Educators, B.Ed. Colleges, Teacher Education, Dhanbad District, Organizational Climate.

Page No: 181-191