Author: Biswajit Pal

DOI Link:

Abstract : This article examines the socio-economic conditions and developmental progress of rural marginalized communities in West Bengal since India’s hisindependence. It explores the historical context and the policies implemented to uplift these communities, highlighting both the achievements and ongoing challenges. The study focuses on key areas such as education, healthcare, land reforms, and employment opportunities. Despite various government initiatives and non-governmental efforts, many marginalized communities continue to face significant obstacles, including poverty, lack of infrastructure, and social discrimination. The analysis also considers the impact of recent economic reforms and political changes on these communities. By providing a comprehensive overview of the progress made and the persistent issues, this article aims to shed light on the complexities of rural development in West Bengal. It emphasizes the need for more inclusive and sustainable development policies to ensure the holistic upliftment of marginalized groups. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative data, the article offers valuable insights into the lived
experiences of rural marginalized communities, advocating for continued efforts to address their needs and aspirations in the post-independence era.

Keywords: Rural communities, Marginal People, Post-Independence, Challenges, Progress

 Page No : 1-5

DOI LInk:  

Author: Dr. Yogita Mandole

Abstract: Mental health is an aspect of a person’s overall health. Mental health is a combination of a person’s physical health and mental health. In daily life, family, social, economic, political, educational events have affected our mental health. It puts stress on the mind in many ways that can disrupt mental well-being. In our Society academic achievement is considered as a key criterion to Judge one total potentialities and capacities. A good mental health creates better motivation of students and students will perform well in their academic achievement. The objectives of the study are to find out significant difference if any in the mental health and academic achievement of students in relation to gender, locale and type of management. The descriptive method of survey was adopted. The sample of this study consisted of higher secondary school students of Mumbai, Maharashtra. Mental Health Inventory of Talesara and Bano (2011) was used for data collection. The findings of the study were that there was significant difference in mental health of students in relation to gender and locale and non-significant in type of management variations. There was significant difference in Academic achievement of students in relation to locale and type of management and non-significant in gender variations. In each case the relationship between Mental Health and Academic Achievement was significant.

Keywords: Mental Health, Academic achievement, Higher Secondary School Students.

 Page No : 6-13

Author: Sunirmal Chandra Halder

DOI Link:

Abstract: Libraries play a pivotal role in providing access to information and knowledge in our digital age. In the pursuit of offering enhanced services, libraries are increasingly turning to open sources of tware solutions a san alternative to proprietary systems.This study delves into the methodology of examining the impact of opensource software on libraries and their ability to empower communities through improved services. With the help of extensive review of existing literature related to open-source software in libraries, library technology trends, and best practices. By following this thematic approach to the methodology, the study on empowering libraries through opensource software can provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic through qualitative perspectives. In conclusion, leveraging open-source software is a powerful strategy for libraries seeking to enhance their services while maintaining financial sustainability, flexibility, and community engagement. This approached powers libraries to adapt to changing user needs, ensure data privacy and security, and contribute to a global ecosystem of knowledge’s haring and innovation. Ultimately, embracing open source is not just a pragmatic choice for libraries; it is apathy toward more resilient, user-centric, and vibrant future for library services.

Keywords: Library System, Open source software, Educational Institutions, Enhanced Services.

 Page No : 14-24

DOI Link:  

Author:  Subham Deep

Abstract: The size and pattern of Public spending has great relevance in the growth process and in the reduction of economic disparities. The pressure on Public expenditure is particularly great in developing economies because of growing population and Public expenditure is an effective policy instrument in this context. This study has analyzed the trend in revenue and capital expenditures in the Reform period (i.e., from 1991 onwards). This paper points out the rapid growth of Public expenditure throughout the study period. The major proportion of revenue expenditure has been highlighted in this analysis and stresses upon the improvement of capital expenditure side as higher expenditure on capital account would be growth enhancing, enabling the overall development of the economy.

Keywords: Economic Disparities, Public Expenditure, Revenue, Development.

 Page No : 25-31

Author:  Sosti  Kumar

DOI Link:  

Abstract: Bioremediation is a natural and sustainable method of removing heavy metals from soil and water. It uses microorganisms, plants, or enzymes to break down or transform heavy metals into less harmful forms. There are many different bioremediation techniques for heavy metals, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some of the most common techniques include phyto-remediation, bio-venting, bio-stimulation and bio-augmentation. Microorganisms that are specifically designed to break down heavy metals are added to the soil. This technique can be very effective, but it can also be expensive and time-consuming. Bioremediation is a promising technology for removing heavy metals from the environment. It is relatively inexpensive, sustainable, and does not produce any harmful by-products. However, it can be slow and may not be effective for all types of heavy metals. The best bioremediation technique for a particular site will depend on the type of heavy metal contamination, the depth of contamination, the climate, and the cost constraints.

 Page No : 32-36

Keywords: Bioremediation, Heavy Metals, Technique, advantages,disadvantages.

DOI LINK:

Author:  Purushottam Kumar Vats¹ Dr. Santanu Biswas ²

Abstract: Adolescents in educational settings navigate a complex array of social challenges that significantly impact their adjustment and overall development. These challenges include peer pressure, bullying, academic stress, and identity formation, all of which shape their social interactions, emotional well-being, and academic success. Content analysis is a systematic method used to analyze qualitative data, focusing on the content and meaning of texts or media. This methodology allows researchers to explore and understand the complexities of adolescents’ experiences, perceptions, and behaviors within educational environments.Peer relationships play a pivotal role, influencing adolescents’ self-esteem, social skills, and sense of belonging, while bullying and social exclusion can lead to profound negative consequences. Academic pressures contribute to stress and anxiety, affecting both social interactions and academic performance. Moreover, adolescents grapple with identity formation, navigating cultural and personal identities within the school context. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive approaches from educators and policymakers to foster supportive environments that promote positive peer relationships, mitigate bullying, alleviate academic stress, and support healthy identity development among adolescents.

Keywords: Adolescents, Educational settings, Social challenges, Peer relationships, Bullying, Identity formation.

Page: 37-48

DOI LINK:

Author:  Murari Sharan Pandit

Abstract: Teaching and learning are the two sides of a coin. Learning is a continuous process from the beginning to the end of human life. A method of teaching plays an important role in the learning process. The process will not be fulfilled until the learner gains knowledge from the subject. Because the purpose of teaching is not only to make the students to get marks, but also to enhance the skills and practical knowledge of the students. English is the one and only language which rules the world. The socalled global language doesn’t give knowledge alone, but also name and fame in the society. Teaching the second language is a difficult task for the teachers. This Article deals with the various innovative methods of English language Teaching. The function of teachers is to help the students to learn by imparting knowledge. It is the role of the teacher to remove the ignorance. No teacher should fall into a monotonous pattern of presenting the same kind of lesson. This is a very competitive world. Involvement of the students makes the teaching effective. In traditional methods, students are only the passive listeners. Creativity only shows the individuality of everyone. Implementing innovative methods in Teaching-learning process would make the students more active in the class room.

Keywords: Innovative methods, Language skills, Teaching English, Teaching Techniques, Creativity.

Page No: 49-52

Author:  Shuvra Dey

DOI LINK:

Abstract: This study observed the effect of field trip on students’ academic performance in Biology at secondary level. Quasi experimental design was adopted for the study. Two research questions and two hypotheses constructed during the study. The population of the study comprised all secondary students of selected schools in the districts of West Bengal,India.. The sample comprises of 200 students from four classes in the four selected co-educational schools in the area. The instrument used for data collection was Biology achievement test (BAT). Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions Z test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance. The result of the study disclosed that field trip enhances students’ academic performance in Biology than traditional method. The result also revealed that there is no significant difference in the of girls and boys students who went to the field trips. The study suggested that field trip should be adopted in the curriculum as a teaching learning method and also recommended to promote further research on the benefit of field trip

Keywords: Field trip, Secondary Level, Achievement, Performance,.

 Page No: 53-69

DOI LINK :

Author: Ms. Sanchita Mazumdar

Abstract: This present paper emphasisesthe women empowerment in India. As a general perception,women are considered a weaker sex in every walk of life. For ages now, the Indiansociety has not reconciled to liberation of women. The position of women in the society has established the fact that they are the disadvantaged gender, being dominated by their male- counterparts. Unless and until all the younger population are involved and their potentials are tapped , a nation cannot be transformedinto a developed nation. For all- rounddevelopment of the nation we should include women in the mainstream by providing an unrestricted equal access to all the resources available  in the society. Education in a broad sense, involves the ability to negotiate this unequal and unjust world from a position of strength. The role of educating women will facilitate social and economicprogress.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Education for Empowerment, Social Empowerment

 Page No : 70-74

Author: Dr. Suman Devi¹ Ms. Suman²

DOI Link :

Abstract: In the face of escalating environmental challenges, equipping future generations with a profound understanding and appreciation for sustainable practices has become a pressing need. Uniting concepts of sustainability throughout educational programs at all levels nurtures an environmentally-aware generation prepared to tackle ecological challenges, ultimately fostering a more resilient and sustainable society.This study explores innovative and holistic approaches to infusing sustainability concepts into diverse subject areas, fostering interdisciplinary connections, and promoting experiential learning experiences. It delves into strategies for curriculum redesign, educator training programs, and the development of practical implementations that seamlessly integrate sustainability principles into educational frameworks. Furthermore, the research examines the role of community engagement, fostering partnerships between educational institutions, local communities, and relevant stakeholders to raise awareness and encourage collective action towards sustainable practices. It also investigates the impact of educational policies, institutional frameworks, and resource allocation in supporting and incentivizing the integration of sustainability goals within educational settings. By delving into these various facets, the research endeavors to spark thought-provoking dialogues, exchange exemplary approaches, and recommend tangible initiatives to develop a cohort of people armed with the understanding, abilities, and dedication to propel constructive transformations leading to a more sustainable tomorrow.Ultimately, the infusion of sustainability into educational curricula has the potential to empower learners to become catalysts for environmental stewardship and contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and resilient world.

Keywords: Emotional maturity, Emotional stability, Emotional independence etc.

Page No :75-82

Author: Dr. Savita Mishra

DOI Link : 

Abstract: As a person grows emotionally mature, they work to improve their emotional well-being on all levels, from the inside out. Heterosexuality, empathy, a propensity to mimic the actions and attitudes of others, and the ability to control one’s own emotional reactions are all hallmarks of a fully developed individual. Hence, a mature emotionally isn’t necessarily someone who has dealt with all the things that made them angry or anxious; rather, he is someone who is always working to obtain a better understanding of himself and who is fighting for a more balanced relationship between his feelings, thoughts, and actions. The research set out to examine the relationship between gender and family type in terms of overall and component-wise variability in the emotional maturity of students enrolled in higher secondary schools. The method of normative survey was chosen.A hundred kids were chosen at random from four different Siliguri schools.For this study, the researchers consulted the Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS-SB) created by Bharagava and Singh (2005). The study found that regardless of family type, there is a significant disparity in emotional maturity and that the majority of kids lack emotional maturity.

Keywords: Emotional maturity, Emotional stability, Emotional independence etc.

Page No : 83-92

Author: Barnali Dey & Dr. Ramesh kumar

DOI Link : 

Abstract: Through the removal of conventional educational hurdles, mobile e-learning has become a transformational instrument for women’s empowerment in the digital era. This research explores how mobile e-learning empowers women, emphasizing how flexible, accessible, and capable it is of overcoming socioeconomic barriers. The study investigates how mobile e-learning helps women to readily access educational materials and modify learning schedules to fit family and professional commitments using a mixed-methods approach that includes surveys and interviews. Results show that mobile e-learning improves women’s digital literacy and technical abilities while fostering confidence and self-reliance in them. The research also looks at how mobile e-learning might help advance gender equality by giving women access to educational opportunities that were previously unattainable for them because of financial, cultural, or geographic limitations.

Keywords: Mobile E-Learning, Women Empowerment, Digital Literacy, Gender Equality, Socio-Economic Barriers

Page No : 93-103

Author: Ajija Sultana

DOI Link : 

Abstract: India has a multi-party system with predominance of small regional parties. Political parties that wish to contest local, state or national elections are required to be registered by the Election Commission of India (EC). In order to gain recognition in a state, the party must have had political activity for at least five continuous years, and send at least 4% of the state’s quota to the Lok Saba (India’s Lower house), or 3.33% of members to that state’s assembly. These conditions are deemed to have failed if a member of the LokSabha or the Legislative Assembly of the State becomes a member of that political party after his election. If a party is recognized in four or more states, it is declared as a “National party” by the EC. Otherwise, it is known as a State Party. All parties contesting elections have to choose a symbol from a list of available symbols offered by the Election Commission. All 28 states along with the union territory of Pondicherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi usually have an elected government unless President’s rule is imposed under certain conditions. A party is easily identified as a regional party if it propagates the ideology of regionalism or thrives on invocation of regional pride. Regional parties are parties whose main holds are in one certain state and mostly they participate in the elections only within that state. Most of these regional parties have agenda fitting certain culture dominant within that state. Some of these regional parties also participate in neighboring states, which have constituencies with culture similar to the first state. Different state parties were established at different periods because of different reasons. Some even have origins prior to India’s independence.

Keywords: Girls’ Education, Women Empowerment, Human Capital.

Page No : 104-107

Author: Awaneesh Baibhav

DOI Link : 

Abstract: In India, education provides a vital opportunity for social and economic development. By contributing to the economy of the country and the society, an educated Indian woman will have a positive impact on Indian society. Women who are educated reduce the likelihood that their children will die before they are five. Educational opportunities for girls will play a very significant role in the development of the country. As employment plays a crucial role in improving women’s status in society, education of girls is of prime importance in any programme geared towards empowering women (Dominic and Jothi, 2012). As well as enabling the development of half of human capital, it also enhances the quality of life both in and outside the home. A formal and a non-formal education structure are important components of the Indian education system. As well as online education and distance education, other educational programs are also formulated to motivate the girls to go to school. Every educational programme is designed to educate every girl child. There are numerous negative effects of low literacy not only on women’s lives but also on their families and the economy of the country. In this regard, raising the level of education of girls is of prime importance. It has recently been demonstrated that improving girls’ educational levels has a significant impact on their health and economic future, which, in turn, improves the prospects of their communities as a whole of their entire community. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared that education is more than an end in itself; it is the basis for lifelong learning and human development.

Keywords: Girls’ Education, Women Empowerment, Human Capital.

Page No : 108-114

Author: Sweta Kumari

DOI Link ::    

Abstract:नामवरसिंहनेअपनाआलोचकीयजीवन ‘हिंदीकेविकासमेंअपभ्रंशकायोगदान’ सेआरंभकियाथा।इसमेंअपभ्रंशसाहित्यपरविचारकरतेहुएबीच-बीचमेंनामवरजीनेटिप्पणियाँदीहैं, वेविचारपूर्णएवंसुचिंतितहैं।वेसूक्ष्मदर्शिताऔरसहृदयताकेसाथमार्क्सवादीआलोचनापद्धतिकारूपप्रस्तुतकरतीहैं।नामवरसिंहनेहिन्दीआलोचनामेंजबसे (57-58 वर्षपहले) कदमरखाहैतभीसेवेइसकेकेन्द्रीयकिरदाररहेहैं।इसदौरानसाहित्यकारोंकीपीढीबदलगई।हिन्दी- साहित्यमेंकईआन्दोलनआएऔरगए।आलोचकवरचनाकारआएऔरगए. लेकिनइसमायनेमेंनामवरसिंहएकअपवादहीहैंकिइतनेलम्बेसमयबादभीनतोआए-गयोंकीसूचीमेंशामिलहुएऔरनहीपुरानेपड़े।एकतोहिन्दी- लोचनाकीयहविडम्बनाहीरहीहैकिआमतौरपरइसकेमहत्त्वपूर्णआलोचकभीविशेषसमयकेबादकेसाहित्यकेभावबोधकोसही-सहीनहींपहचानपाएऔरनयेलेखनकोपुरानेविचारोंवसाहित्यिकमानदण्डोंकेआधारपरपीटतेरहेऔरखारिजकरतेरहे।दूसरीगौरकरनेकीबातहैकिहिन्दीकेसमर्थआलोचकमूलतःकविथे, कविताकेक्षेत्रसेवेआलोचना-कर्ममेंप्रवृत्तहुएइसलिएउनकीआलोचना-दृष्टिवआलोचना-कर्मपरकविताहीछाईरही।आलोचनामेंकवितासेइतरगद्यकीविधाओंकीउसतरहविवेचनानहींहुईजिसकीवेअधिकारीथी।किसीप्रसंगवश, मजबूरीवश, जरूरतवशयालिहाजवशयदिकिसीगद्यविधाकाजिक्रहुआभीतोकेवलउपन्यासकाही।जबकहानीजैसीमहत्त्वपूर्णविधाभीउपेक्षितरहीतोआत्मकथा, जीवनीआदिकातोजिक्रहीक्याकरना।यद्यपिनामवरसिंहभीकवितासेशुरूकरकेआलोचना-कर्ममेंदाखिलहुए, लेकिनवेसिर्फकविताकीआलोचनातकहीनहींरूकेऔरकहानीआलोचनाकोभीनयाफलकप्रदानकिया।

Keywords: नामवरसिंहने,आलोचकमूलतःकविथे, कविताकेक्षेत्रसेवेआलोचना,कर्ममेंदाखिलहुए.

Page No : 115-124

Author: Tinku  Kumar Ghorai

DOI Link :

ভূমিকা: রবীন্দ্র নাটক তার উম্মেষ লগ্নে প্রচলিত নাট্য আঙ্গিককেই অনুসরণ করেছে। বিলিতি অপেরা এবং শেক্সপীয়রের নাট্য-আঙ্গিকের ছাপ সেখানে স্পষ্ট। ভগ্নহৃদয়’ ১২৮৮ বঙ্গাব্দে প্রকাশিত হয়। এটি নাটক নয়। ‘ভগ্নহৃদয়’-এর ‘ভূমিকা’তেই জানানো হয়েছিল যে, ‘কাৰ্যাটিকে কাহারো যেন নাটক বলিয়া অম না হয়। কারণ ‘দৃশ্যকাব্য’-এর কাঙ্ক্ষিত শিকড়, কাণ্ড, শাখা, পত্র, কাঁটাটি’ এতে নেই, এ শুধুই ‘ফুলের তোড়া।এখানেই রবীন্দ্রনাথের সংরূপ সচেতনতার প্রকাশ।রবীন্দ্রনাথের প্রথম ‘নাটিকা’ ‘রুদ্রচণ্ড’ প্রকাশিত হচ্ছে ১২৮৮ তে। ‘The Hindoo Patriot’-এ ২৩ মে, ১৮৮১-তে প্রকাশিত সমালোচনায় ‘রুদ্রচণ্ড’-কে ‘melodrama ‘ বলা হচ্ছে। ‘বাল্মীকি- প্রতিভা পাচ্ছে ‘good opera’-র আখ্যা

Keywords: লোকসংস্কৃতি,লোকসাহিত্য,কল্পনাশক্তি,অভিজ্ঞতা,রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর.

Page No : 125-129

Author: Tahidul Islam Mandal

DOI Link :  

ভূমিকা:-: লোকসাহিত্য লোকসংস্কৃতির একটি জীবন্ত ধারা;এর মধ্য দিয়ে জাতির আত্মার স্পন্দন শোনা যায়। একটি নির্দিষ্ট ভৌগোলিক পরিমন্ডলে একটি সংহত সমাজমানস থেকে এর উদ্ভব।সাধারণত অক্ষরজ্ঞানহীন পল্লিবাসীরা স্মৃতি ও শ্রুতির ওপর নির্ভর করে এর লালন করে।মূলে ব্যক্তিবিশেষের রচনা হলেও সমষ্টির চর্চায় তা পুষ্টি ও পরিপক্কতা লাভ করে।এজন্য লোকসাহিত্য সমষ্টির ঐতিহ্য,আবেগ,চিন্তা ও মূল্যবোধকে ধারণ করে।বিষয়,ভাষা ও রীতির ক্ষেত্রে প্রচলিত ধারাই এতে অনুসৃত হয়।কল্পনাশক্তি, উদ্ভাবন-ক্ষমতা ও পরিশীলিত চিন্তার অভাব থাকলেও লোকসাহিত্যে শিল্পসৌন্দর্য,রস ও আনন্দবোধের অভাব থাকে না।তাই রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর একে ‘জনপদের হূদয়-কলরব’ বলে আখ্যায়িতকরেছেন।লোকসঙ্গীত,গীতিকা,লোককাহিনী,লোকনাট্য,ছড়া,মন্ত্র,ধাঁধা ও প্রবাদ এই আটটি শাখায় ভাগ করা যায়।লোকসঙ্গীত ঐতিহ্যগতভাবে বিশেষ সম্প্রদায় বা গোষ্ঠীর মধ্যে প্রচলিত গান; সাধারণত পল্লীর অনক্ষর জনগণ এর প্রধান ধারক। বিষয়, কাল ও উপলক্ষভেদে এ গানের অবয়ব ছোট-বড় হয়।ধুয়া,অন্তরা,অস্থায়ী ও আভোগ সম্বলিত দশ-বারো চরণের লোকসঙ্গীত আছে;আবার ব্রতগান,মেয়েলী গীত,মাগনের গান,জারি গান,গম্ভীরা গান ইত্যাদি আকারে অপেক্ষাকৃত বড় হয়।কবির লড়াই,আলকাপ গান,লেটো গান এবং যাত্রাগান হয় আরও দীর্ঘ,কারণ সারারাত ধরে এগুলি পরিবেশিত হয়।অতীত ঐতিহ্য ও বর্তমান অভিজ্ঞতাকে আশ্রয় করে লোককথাবালোকসাহিত্যরচিত হয়।

Keywords: লোকসংস্কৃতি,প্রচলিত গান,বিশেষ সম্প্রদায় বা গোষ্ঠী,রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর,

Page No : 130-132

Author: মৌটুসী সাহা

DOI Link :

Abstract : দ্বন্দ্বময় বিচিত্র সংকট বিজড়িত অচরিতার্থ জীবনবাসনায় মর্মবিদ্ধ কবি জীবনানন্দ দাশের (১৮৯৯-১৯৫৮) কাব্যপরিসরও এক দুর্ভেদ্য রহস্য ঘেরা। তিনি চিত্রিত করেছেন আধুনিক মানুষের ক্ষতবিক্ষত জীবচেতনাকে, যা ক্রমবিচ্ছিন্নতার সূত্রে প্রত্যক্ষ-বিশ্ব হারিয়ে, পেয়েছে এক সংশয়ী নির্জনতা। যেখানে বস্ত্রমানবের আত্মা কেবল ধূসরতায়, ক্ষয়-ক্লেদ-পতনে ও বিবমিষায় আচ্ছন্ন।ইন্দ্রিয়বোধের গভীরতার নিমজ্জিত হয়ে অতীন্দ্রিয় সৌন্দর্যের সূক্ষ্মতম বোধকে উপলব্ধি করেছেন জীবনানন্দ বিশ্বযুদ্ধ পরবর্তী জীবনের জটিলতায় নিমজ্জিত হয়ে ইন্দ্রিয় চেতনাকে স্থান দিয়েছেন তাঁর কবিতায়।আবার যেখানে ইন্দ্রিয়জ যাত্রা একান্তই অসম্ভব সেখানে তিনি পৌঁছে গিয়েছেন অতীন্দ্রিয় চেতনার নিবিড়বাসনা ও অনুভব-সংরাগে ।

Keywords: জীবনানন্দ, ইন্দ্রিয়, অতীন্দ্রিয়,জীবচেতনা.

Page No : 133-139

Author: अनिल कुमार यादव

DOI Link :

Abstract : यूरोपियन कंपनियों ने भारत में व्यापार के साथ-साथ स्थानीय आर्थिक और सामाजिक परिवर्तनों को भी प्रेरित किया। इन कंपनियों के आगमन के साथ ही भारत में यूरोपीय साम्राज्यों का आदिकाल शुरू हुआ और यह बाद में ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य के रूप में विकसित हुआ। 1833 में ब्रिटिश सरकार ने ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का संचालन अपने अधिकार में लिया और भारत को ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य का हिस्सा बना दिया। 1600-1833 के दौरान, भारत में यूरोपियन कंपनियों की व्यापारिक गतिविधियाँ भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप में यूरोपीय व्यापार और आर्थिक स्थिति को प्रभावित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाईं। इस दौरान कई यूरोपीय कंपनियों ने भारत में व्यापार की शुरुआत की और वहाँ के साम्राज्यों के साथ व्यापार करने का प्रयास किया।ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी (ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी) ने भारत में सबसे बड़ा प्रभाव डाला और वह भारतीय साम्राज्यों के साथ व्यापार किया। 17वीं शताब्दी में इसका गतिविधियों को आरंभ किया गया था और बाद में इसे ब्रिटिश साम्राज्य का एक बड़ा हिस्सा बना दिया गया।डच भारत आने वाले दूसरे यूरोपीय राष्ट्र थे। सत्रहवीं और अठारहवीं शताब्दियों के दौरान डच दक्षिण भारत में एक प्रमुख वाणिज्यिक शक्ति के रूप में उभरे और दक्षिण कोरोमंडल तट के साथ कई बस्तियों की स्थापना की। दक्षिण कोरोमंडल के तट के क्षेत्र में व्यावसायीकरण का एक उच्च स्तर प्राप्त हुआ था क्योंकि इसके उत्पादों ने यूरो-एशियाई व्यापार में एक अद्वितीय स्थान पर कब्जा कर लिया था।

Keywords: भारत,यूरोपियन कंपनियां,व्यापार और वाणिज्य गतिविधियां,आर्थिक और सामाजिक परिवर्तनों।

Page No : 140-147