Author: Shrabanti Garain

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110001

Abstract: Elementary education is a foundation of education system. This foundation is built through providing proper education to children from initial stage. Also, golden cultures are necessary for making a good, responsible and self-reliant citizenship. Therefore, those golden cultures are nurtured and practiced among children at elementary level of education for developing the self -reliant citizenship. In this case, content analysis method is adopted for conducting this study. Moreover, different culture like culture of reading, culture of writing, culture of listening, culture of silence, culture of patience, culture of respect, culture of unfolding potential creativity, culture of humanity, culture of developing the positive attitude, culture of joyful learning, culture of life-long learning, culture of skills development and culture of balanced personality development are needed for developing the self -reliant citizenship.

Keywords: Golden Cultures, Self -reliant Citizenship and Elementary Level of Education.

Page No: 1-6

Author: Dr. Sristidhar Bera

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110002

Abstract: The present study wants to investigate the impact of state trait anxiety on academic achievement of IX grade secondary school students of Paschim medinipur district in west Bengal, India. In this study researcher attempted to examine the co-relation between state trait anxiety and academic achievement of the respondent. Total sample was 79 from two Government aided Bengali medium Secondary School affiliated from west Bengal board of secondary education. A standardized questionnaire developed by Charles D. Spielberger et. al. was used to collect requisite data from the respondent using purposive sampling procedure. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to analyze the data like Mean, SD, and Correlation. After analyzing data the result showed that no significance relation exists between state trait anxiety and academic achievement of IX grade secondary students. About fifty percent student has high state trait anxiety. Friendly relationship, congenial learning environment, employing efficient teaching strategies, seminar, awareness programme, and teacher’s positive attitude will reduce students state trait anxiety.

Keywords: State Trait Anxiety, Trait Anxiety, Academic Achievement, Co-Relation.

Page No: 7-14

Author: Prakash Kumar Sahoo

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110003

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated an unprecedented disruption in global education systems, necessitating a rapid shift from traditional classroom-based learning to online and remote education. This research article examines the transition to online education during the pandemic, exploring its implications on learners, educators, and educational institutions. The study highlights the opportunities, challenges, and limitations of this shift, with a focus on accessibility, engagement, and pedagogical effectiveness. Drawing on empirical studies, surveys, and institutional reports, the article analyzes how the pandemic has accelerated the adoption of digital learning technologies and reshaped educational paradigms. Key findings suggest that while online education has fostered flexibility and continuity, it has also exacerbated existing inequalities, posed technological challenges, and required significant adaptation by educators and learners alike. The article concludes by discussing strategies for optimizing online education post-pandemic and integrating digital learning into resilient, inclusive, and future-ready educational frameworks.

Keywords: COVID-19, Online Education, Digital Learning, Remote Learning, Educational Technology, Learning Outcomes, Accessibility.

Page No: 15-21

Author: Dr. Sathyadevan Sen

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110004

Abstract: Physical activity is increasingly recognized as a key factor in supporting adolescents’ mental well-being and academic success. This study examines the relationship between physical activity participation, psychological health, and academic achievement among adolescents aged 13–18. A descriptive research method was adopted, and data were collected from 250 students through a standardized questionnaire. The findings indicate that regular engagement in physical activity contributes to reduced stress and anxiety, improved concentration, memory retention, and overall academic performance. However, sedentary behavior, screen dependency, and academic workload emerged as barriers. The study emphasizes the need for schools and families to promote active lifestyles as a contributing factor to both mental and academic development.

Keywords: Physical activity, Mental health, Academic performance, Adolescents, Stress reduction, Cognitive development.

Page No: 22-27

Author: Ujjwal Mistry

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110005

Abstract: Sustainable Business Practices and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) have become essential components of modern organizational strategies. As businesses increasingly face environmental challenges and societal expectations, the focus has shifted from traditional profit-maximization to responsible and ethical operations. Sustainable business practices emphasize the efficient use of resources, reduction of environmental impact, and long-term economic viability, while CSR involves voluntary contributions toward social welfare, employee well-being, and community development. This abstract highlights the significance of integrating sustainability and CSR into business policies to enhance corporate reputation, ensure regulatory compliance, and promote sustainable development. It concludes that adopting these approaches enables organizations to create value not only for shareholders but also for society and the environment, thereby achieving a balanced and inclusive growth model.

Keywords: Social Responsibility, Businesses, Community Development, Environment, Sustainability and CSR.

Page No: 28-34

Author: Ms. T. Agnees Mary & Dr. A. Edward William Benjamin

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110006

Abstract: This studyinvestigatedthe mental health among Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) students and its variation across selected demographic variables in Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu. A sampleof 295 B.Ed.students was selected from different teacher education institutions using a stratified sampling approach. Mental health was assessed using a standardized mental health scale covering key dimensions such as academic stress management, self-esteem and confidence, emotional balance, and social adjustment. Descriptive statistics and t-test /ANOVA were used to analyse differences in mental health across gender, locality, type of institution and educational qualification. The findings indicated no statistically significant difference in overall mental health with respect to gender and locality. However, type of institution and educational qualification showed significant differences in some specific dimensions, particularly academic stress management and self-esteem and confidence. Students from certain institution types and with higher prior qualifications reported relatively better capacity to manage academic stress. The study highlights the need for targeted mental health support within teacher education programmes, with special attention to institutional climate, academic pressure and counselling services. Implications for teacher educators and policy makers are discussed.

Keywords: Mental Health; B.Ed. Students; Teacher Education; Academic Stress Management; Self-Esteem And Confidence.

Page No: 35-47

Author: Dr. R. Selvamani & Dr. R. Mangaleswaran

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110007

Abstract: Artificial intelligence is reshaping rural development, yet youth impacts in India remain understudied. A systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized empirical studies on rural Indian youth. Methods followed PRISMA 2020 standards for transparent selection and reporting (Page et al., 2021). Outcomes covered leisure, mental health, education, gender attitudes, service use, and hygiene. Random-effects models aggregated standardized mean differences and assessed between-study heterogeneity. Educational and health knowledge showed large positive associations (d=0.77, p<1e-5). Gender and social attitudes displayed moderate positive associations (d=0.40, p<1e-5). Health and hygiene practices showed moderate gains (d=0.46, p<1e-5). Service use and violence outcomes showed negative associations (d=-0.38, p<1e5). Leisure and mental health exhibited small, nonsignificant changes (d=0.04, p=0.08). Associations favored cognitive and attitudinal domains over service engagement or safety behaviors. Results indicate correlations, not causes, and may reflect access barriers or disparities. Policy design should strengthen beneficial domains while addressing service uptake challenges. Evidence provides a structured basis for evaluating AI within rural socio-economic change.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Rural Youth Development, Knowledge Outcomes, Gender Attitudes, Service Barriers.

Page No: 48-60

Author: Mohammad Razzaque & Samiran Mondal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110008

Abstract(सारांश): शांतिनिकेतन और उसके आसपास के इलाक़ों में स्थित प्राचीन टेराकोटा (पक्की मिट्टी की) मंदिर सिर्फ़ धार्मिक आस्था के केंद्र नहीं हैं, बल्कि वे अपने समय के समाज, जीवनशैली और लोक परंपराओं के सजीव दस्तावेज़ भी हैं। इस शोध का उद्देश्य यह समझना है कि इन मंदिरों की दीवारों पर बने योग (योगासन), व्यायाम (शारीरिक कसरत), और क्रीड़ा (खेलकूद) से जुड़े चित्र किस प्रकार से उस समय के लोगों की सोच, उनकी दिनचर्या और सामुदायिक जीवन को दर्शाते हैं।

मैंने शांतिनिकेतन के आसपास स्थित प्रमुख मंदिरों — जैसे सुरुल सरकार बड़ी, मानसामंदिर, इलमबाज़ार के पाँच मंदिर, श्रीनिकेतन का लक्ष्मी-जनार्दन मंदिर और घुड़िसा मंदिर — का प्रत्यक्ष दौरा किया। वहाँ पर मैंने न केवल चित्रों का अध्ययन किया बल्कि स्थानीय लोगों, श्रद्धालुओं और मंदिर से जुड़े बुज़ुर्गों से बातचीत भी की। उनसे मिली मौखिक जानकारी, परंपराएँ और उनकी यादें इस शोध का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा बनीं।

इन मंदिरों की टेराकोटा कला में कुश्ती, तीरंदाज़ी, ध्यान की मुद्रा, घुड़सवारी, और बच्चों के खेल जैसी अनेक गतिविधियाँ दिखती हैं। ये सिर्फ़ सजावट नहीं, बल्कि एक ज़माने की जीवनशैली की झलक हैं। यह शोध इस बात को रेखांकित करता है कि भारतीय समाज में शारीरिक और मानसिक विकास को किस तरह से धार्मिक और सांस्कृतिक जीवन का अभिन्न हिस्सा माना जाता है।

इन मंदिरों और उनके चित्रों को न सिर्फ़ संरक्षण की ज़रूरत है, बल्कि इन्हें समझना, दस्तावेज़ करना और आने वाली पीढ़ियों तक पहुँचाना हमारी सांस्कृतिक ज़िम्मेदारी भी है।

Keywords(मुख्य शब्द): शांतिनिकेतन, टेराकोटा मंदिर, योग, व्यायाम, क्रीड़ा, लोक कला, सांस्कृतिक अभिव्यक्ति, बंगाल की विरासत, शारीरिक संस्कृति, मंदिर शिल्प

Page No: 61-77

Author: মৌসুমী মাজি

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110009

Abstract(সারসংক্ষেপ): “তুলনামূলক আলোচনার আয়নায় রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও নজরুলের সঙ্গীতধারা: সুর, চেতনা ও দর্শনের অনুসন্ধান” প্রবন্ধটি বাংলা সঙ্গীতের দুই শিখর ব্যক্তিত্ব—রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর ও কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের সৃষ্টিশীল ধারা, তাদের সুরলহরী, ভাব-চেতনা ও দার্শনিক অন্তর্গত মানসকে এক তুলনামূলক পরিসরে বিশ্লেষণ করে। রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত যেখানে প্রকৃতি, মানবতা, ভক্তি ও চিরন্তন সৌন্দর্যবোধের সাযুজ্যে অন্তর্মুখী মাধুর্য সৃষ্টি করে, সেখানে নজরুলগীতি মুক্তির আকাঙ্ক্ষা, বিদ্রোহী চেতনা ও মানবপ্রেমের জাগ্রত স্পন্দনে বহির্মুখী প্রেরণার আকার ধারণ করে। উভয়ের সঙ্গীতে ভারতীয় রাগসঙ্গীতের ঐশ্বর্য এবং পাশ্চাত্য সংগীতপ্রভাবের মৌলিক সম্মিলন ঐতিহ্যের ধারাবাহিকতাকে নতুন আঙ্গিকে পুনঃনির্মাণ করেছে। প্রবন্ধটির উদ্দেশ্য হলো রবীন্দ্রনাথ ও নজরুলের সুরসৃষ্টির আধ্যাত্মিক ভিত্তি, সামাজিক প্রেরণা ও নান্দনিক দর্শনকে আলোচনায় এনে আধুনিক বাংলা সংগীতধারার বিবর্তনকে নতুন দৃষ্টিকোণ থেকে অনুধাবন করা। এই তুলনামূলক অন্বেষণ বাংলা সঙ্গীতের সার্বজনীন রূপকে বিশ্লেষণ করার এক মূল্যবান প্রয়াস।

Keywords(সূচক শব্দ): রবীন্দ্রসঙ্গীত, নজরুলগীতি, সঙ্গীতদর্শন, জাতীয় চেতনা, মানবতাবাদ, রাগসঙ্গীত ও পাশ্চাত্য প্রভাব, তুলনামূলক সঙ্গীত বিশ্লেষণ।

Page No: 78-84

Author: R. Sheela, Dr. B. Saminathan & Dr. A. Edward William Benjamin

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110010

Abstract: In an era characterized by pervasive digital interconnectivity, social media has evolved into a primary medium for emotional expression, interpersonal communication, and academic engagement particularly among pre-service teachers navigating emotionally demanding educational settings. This quantitative correlational study investigates the role of Social Media Emotional Intelligence (SMEI) defined as the ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions within online environments in predicting psychological wellbeing and academic performance among student teachers. A total of 100 student teachers enrolled in accredited teacher education programs participated in the study. Standardized instruments were utilized, including the Social Media Emotional Intelligence Scale (SMEIS), the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale, and self-reported academic performance metrics verified through institutional records. Data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses to determine the predictive relationship between SMEI dimensions (emotional perception, expression, regulation, and empathy) and the outcome variables. Findings revealed that SMEI demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with both wellbeing (r = .63, p < .01) and academic performance (r = .48, p < .01). Regression analysis indicated that emotional regulation and online empathy emerged as the strongest predictors of well-being, whereas emotional expression significantly predicted academic success. These results underscore the critical role of digital emotional competence in shaping student teachers’ holistic development. Integrating digital emotional literacy within teacher education curricula can enhance emotional resilience, promote psychological well-being, and support academic excellence in digitally mediated learning environment.

Keywords: Social Media Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Regulation, Well-Being, Academic Performance, Student Teachers, Digital Literacy, Emotional Competence.

Page No: 85-93

Author: Ajoy Ghosh & Surapati Pramanik

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110011

Abstract: International Olympiad competitions are very tough and prestigious events like sports Olympics. This study examines the performance of three Asian countries, namely India, China, and Japan, in three international science Olympiads: The International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO), the International Physics Olympiad (IPhO), and the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO).In IJSO, India participated since introductory competition and their performance is far better than China. Whereas China started early of their participation in IPhO and IChO and outperforms than India and Japan. In most of the competition years China, remains within top three positions and their contestants placed in the absolute ranker list, but India and Japan never achieved the top most position in the country rank. Despite their late entry, India and Japan have maintained strong performances, staying within the top ten in international rankings. This study uses document analysis and a comparative approach across a few countries to analyse recent data comprehensively. It is evident that Chinese and Japanese schools follow goal-oriented science curriculum and pedagogical approach emphasizing science-teaching learning through hands on activities from the lower classes and consequently their contestants are excellent in practical skill of the international science competitions. Indian school science education may follow this unique feature for the betterment of science learning and this may be helpful for better performance in such prestigious competitions.

Keywords: International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO), International Physics Olympiad (IPhO), International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO), Scientific Knowledge, Science Education.

Page No: 94-122

Author: Saroj Kanjilal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110012

Abstract: The Matua Dharma, founded by the divine figure Harichand Thakur (1812–1878) and meticulously institutionalized by his son, Guruchand Thakur (1846–1937), represents one of the most profound and successful socio-religious reform movements among the marginalized communities of 19th-century undivided Bengal. This paper moves beyond defining Matua merely as a spiritual alternative, arguing instead that its emergence was an essential and non-negotiable socio-political necessity for the Namasudra community (formerly known as Chandala) and allied groups. Its necessity stemmed from three interconnected and crucial functions: firstly, its development of a radical theology of dignity (Sahaj Manush) which theologically abolished Brahminic hierarchical exclusion; secondly, its establishment of a powerful, decentralized organizational structure for collective political mobilization; and thirdly, its creation of a distinct, affirmed cultural identity rooted in the sacralization of labor (Krishikaj) and self-reliance. Matua’s emergence was thus a foundational response to centuries of imposed social, economic, and ritualistic oppression, establishing the organizational and ideological bedrock for the assertion of untouchable rights in colonial and post-colonial India.

Keywords: Matua Dharma, Harichand Thakur, Guruchand Thakur, Namasudra community, Sahaj Manush, Krishikaj, Chandala.

Page No: 123-127

Author: Dipankar Karmakar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110013

Abstract:

Wellness is an idea of life which is related to optimal health and well-being, involving body, mind, and spirit, with the natural and social environment. Among all the segments of global tourism which are growing the fastest, wellness tourism sits at the vanguard. The aim and object of this particular tourism is to improve upon the travellers’ all-round wellness, encompassing physical, mental, spiritual, and psychological wellbeing. Wellness tourism products are multi-faceted, i.e., a) Physical wellness (spa therapies, massage, hydrotherapy/ thermal baths, physiotherapy, fitness and yoga regimes, etc.), Mental wellness (meditation, mindfulness, stress relief, relaxation, mental cleansing, etc.), c) Spiritual wellness (spiritual retreats, yoga, traditional-medicine therapies, etc.). Sikkim, with its pristine Himalayan environment, organic farming, spiritual heritage, and community-based tourism model, provides a unique landscape for developing this niche sector. Sikkim has already been recognised as a green destination thanks to its success in organic farming.

Purely based on secondary data, the current study aims to grasp the concept of wellness tourism as a theory and also to analyse the pros and cons of developing a sustainable model for this segment of tourism in Sikkim. Finally, the study devises a roadmap for academicians, policymakers, stakeholders and practitioners alike with a view to creating an evidence-based wellness tourism in fragile Himalayan regions.

Keywords: Physical Wellness, Mental Wellness, Spiritual Wellness, Community-Based Tourism.

Page No: 128-134

Author: Dipak Kumar Ghosh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110014

Abstract: এই গবেষণাধর্মী নিবন্ধে বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়ের ‘আনন্দমঠ’ উপন্যাসটির প্রেক্ষিতে তাঁর রাজনৈতিক চেতনা, তাঁর পরিকল্পিত সশস্ত্র বিপ্লবের আদর্শ এবং দেশমাতৃকার বিবিধ রূপের স্বরূপ বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর ভারতের পরাধীনতার গ্লানি এবং ব্রিটিশ শাসনের অত্যাচারের প্রেক্ষাপটে বঙ্কিমচন্দ্রের উপন্যাসটি একটি কালজয়ী জাতীয়তাবাদী রচনা হিসেবে আবির্ভূত হয়। ‘ছিয়াত্তরের মন্বন্তর’ এবং ‘সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহের’ রাজনৈতিক-ঐতিহাসিক পটভূমিতে রচিত এই উপন্যাসে বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র ‘সন্তান দল’ নামক একদল উৎসর্গীকৃত রাজনৈতিক সন্ন্যাসীর কথা বলেছেন, যাঁদের লক্ষ্য সশস্ত্র সংগ্রামের মাধ্যমে মাতৃভূমির মুক্তি। প্রবন্ধে আলোচিত হয়েছে কীভাবে বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র তাঁর ‘অনুশীলন তত্ত্ব’-এর মাধ্যমে ভক্তি, ত্যাগ এবং শক্তির সমন্বয় ঘটিয়েছেন। বিশেষত, ‘বন্দেমাতরম’ সঙ্গীতের মাধ্যমে তিনি জন্মভূমিকে যেভাবে সর্বকল্যাণময়ী জননী রূপে কল্পনা করেছেন, তা পরবর্তীকালে ভারতীয় স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনে ‘জাতীয় মন্ত্রে’ পরিণত হয়। এছাড়াও, নিবন্ধে বঙ্কিমচন্দ্রের দৃষ্টিতে ইংরেজ শাসনের ঐতিহাসিক প্রয়োজনীয়তা এবং পাশ্চাত্য বিজ্ঞানের সাথে ভারতীয় আধ্যাত্মিকতার সমন্বয়ের আদর্শ নিয়ে আলোচনা করা হয়েছে। পরিশেষে, জাতিভেদহীন দেশপ্রেম এবং জাতীয়তাবাদী আন্দোলনে নারী শক্তির অবদানের কথা উল্লেখ করে ‘আনন্দমঠ’-কে ভারতীয় বিপ্লববাদের এক অনন্য প্রেরণা উৎস হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়েছে।

Keywords: বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র, আনন্দমঠ, জাতীয়তাবাদ, বন্দেমাতরম, ছিয়াত্তরের মন্বন্তর, সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ, দেশমাতৃকা।

Page No: 135-141

Author: Abhilash Chatterjee

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110015

Abstract: এই গবেষণাধর্মী নিবন্ধে ঊনবিংশ ও বিংশ শতাব্দীর সন্ধিক্ষণে দুই প্রখ্যাত ঔপন্যাসিক বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায় ও রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের সৃষ্ট দুই কালজয়ী নারী চরিত্র- রোহিণী (কৃষ্ণকান্তের উইল) এবং বিনোদিনী (চোখের বালি)-র অবদমিত বাসনা, সামাজিক বিদ্রোহ ও করুণ পরিণতির একটি তুলনামূলক বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে৷ রক্ষণশীল হিন্দু সমাজের বিধিনিষেধ অগ্রাহ্য করে এই দুই বিধবা নারী যেভাবে তাদের ব্যক্তিগত আকাঙ্ক্ষা ও জীবনতৃষ্ণাকে বড় করে তুলেছিলেন, তা তৎকালীন সমাজবাস্তবতায় ছিল এক বৈপ্লবিক পদক্ষেপ৷ আলোচনায় দেখা গেছে যে, বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র রোহিণীর আধুনিক সত্তাকে উন্মোচিত করলেও শেষ পর্যন্ত তাকে শারীরিক মৃত্যুর দিকে ঠেলে দিয়েছেন, যা তৎকালীন নীতিবাদী সমাজব্যবস্থারই প্রতিফলন৷ অন্যদিকে, রবীন্দ্রনাথ বিনোদিনীকে মৃত্যুর হাত থেকে রক্ষা করলেও তাকে বৈধব্যের আধ্যাত্মিক ও ত্যাগের আবরণে মুড়িয়ে কাশীতে নির্বাসিত করেছেন, যা এক প্রকার ‘জীবন্ত মৃত্যু’র শামিল৷ প্রবন্ধে উভয় লেখকের পুরুষতান্ত্রিক মানসিকতা এবং সামাজিক সংস্কারের কাছে তাঁদের আপস করার প্রবণতাকে সমালোচনামূলক দৃষ্টিতে দেখা হয়েছে৷ পরিশেষে, রোহিণীর অকালমৃত্যু এবং বিনোদিনীর বৈরাগ্য -উভয়কেই পুরুষশাসিত সমাজে নারীর ব্যক্তিস্বাতন্ত্র্যের পরাজয় হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়েছে৷

Keywords: রোহিণী, বিনোদিনী, কৃষ্ণকান্তের উইল, চোখের বালি, বিধবা জীবন, সমাজনিষিদ্ধ প্রেম, পুরুষতন্ত্র৷

Page No:142-151

Author: Mrinmay Dutta

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110016

Abstract: বিজ্ঞাপন হলো এমন এক যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম, যার মাধ্যমে ব্যবসায়ী ভোক্তার কাছে তথ্য পৌঁছে দেন। ইন্টারনেটের দ্রুত বিকাশ অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপনকে বিপণনের ক্ষেত্রে অভাবনীয় উচ্চতায় পৌঁচেছে। সময়োপযোগী, সহজে পরিবর্তনযোগ্য, ইন্টারেক্টিভ এবং ব্যক্তিগতকৃত হওয়ার কারণে ব্যবসায়ীরা ক্রমশ ইন্টারনেটকে বিজ্ঞাপনের মাধ্যম হিসাবে ব্যবহার করছেন। অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপন নির্দিষ্ট গ্রাহকগোষ্ঠীকে চিহ্নিত করতে, তথ্য সংগ্রহ করতে, বিক্রয় সম্ভাবনা মূল্যায়ন এবং ভৌগোলিক সীমা অতিক্রম করে পণ্য ও সেবা প্রচারে সহায়তা করে। বর্তমান গবেষণার উদ্দেশ্য হলো গ্রাহকের আচরণের উপর অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপনের প্রভাব বিশ্লেষণ করা। এই গবেষণাপত্রটি একটি পর্যালোচনামূলক অধ্যয়ন (Review Article)। পূর্ববর্তী গবেষণাগুলির পর্যালোচনার মাধ্যমে দেখা যায় যে ভোক্তার আচরণ ও অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপনের মধ্যে একটি দৃঢ় সম্পর্ক বিদ্যমান। অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপন ভোক্তার মনোভাব পরিবর্তন, ক্রয়-প্রেরণা সৃষ্টি এবং ব্র্যান্ড ইমেজ উন্নয়নে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করে। এর মাধ্যমে নির্দিষ্ট পণ্যের সম্ভাব্য ক্রেতাদের সচেতন করে তোলাও সম্ভব হয়।

Keywords: ইন্টারনেট মার্কেটিং, অনলাইন বিজ্ঞাপন, ভোক্তার আচরণ, ক্রেতা সচেতনতা।

Page No: 152-156

Author: Debashish Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110017

Abstract: Education and psychology are mutually reinforcing disciplines that together shape the theory and practice of teaching and learning. While education provides the normative and institutional framework within which learning occurs, psychology offers empirical insights into how learners think, feel, develop, and behave. The integration of psychological principles into educational processes has transformed classroom practices, curriculum design, assessment strategies, and teacher preparation across the globe. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between education and psychology, tracing its historical foundations, examining major psychological perspectives, and analyzing their implications for teaching, learning, motivation, intelligence, creativity, mental health, and inclusive education. It discusses the contributions of behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, and socio-cultural theory, highlighting seminal thinkers such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, B. F. Skinner, John Dewey, Howard Gardner, and Abraham Maslow. Furthermore, it examines psychological foundations of classroom management, evaluation, guidance and counseling, and educational technology. Contemporary challenges such as learner diversity, emotional well-being, digital learning environments, and culturally responsive pedagogy are critically evaluated from a psychological standpoint. The paper concludes that effective education is inseparable from psychological understanding, and that future educational reform must continue to rely on interdisciplinary collaboration between educators and psychologists.

Keywords: Education; Educational Psychology; Learning Theories; Cognitive Development; Motivation; Intelligence; Constructivism; Mental Health; Inclusive Education; Assessment.

Page No: 157-162

Author: Dr. Sudipta Narayan Das Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110018

Abstract: Modern British poetry reflects the complex realities of twentieth-century life shaped by industrialization, urbanization, war, and rapid social transformation. Poets of the modernist and post-modernist periods sought new ways to represent the fragmented experiences of modern society. Through innovative language, symbolism, and unconventional poetic forms, they portrayed themes such as alienation, urban isolation, loss of tradition, and the search for meaning in a rapidly changing world. This research article examines the representation of modern life in selected British poems, particularly focusing on The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot, The Second Coming by W. B. Yeats, and Church Going by Philip Larkin. The study analyzes how these poems portray the social, cultural, and psychological conditions of modern life. It argues that modern British poetry functions as a powerful literary response to the crises and contradictions of modern civilization, revealing both the anxieties and possibilities of the modern age.

Keywords: Modern British Poetry, Modernism, Urban Life, Alienation, Cultural Crisis, Symbolism.

Page No: 163-170

Author: Md. Nasimul Hoque

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110019

Abstract: Education and sociology are closely interconnected disciplines that together explain how individuals develop within a social context and how society evolves through organized learning processes. Sociology of education examines the relationship between education systems and the social structures in which they operate. Education not only transmits knowledge but also shapes social norms, values, and cultural identity. At the same time, social factors such as class, gender, culture, and economic conditions influence educational opportunities and outcomes. This paper explores the theoretical and practical connections between education and sociology by analyzing major sociological perspectives on education, including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. It further examines the role of education in socialization, social stratification, cultural transmission, and social mobility. The article also discusses the impact of social institutions such as family, community, religion, and mass media on educational processes. In contemporary society, globalization, technological advancement, and policy reforms are reshaping educational systems and creating new sociological challenges. The paper highlights how education can promote equality, social cohesion, and democratic values while also addressing inequalities that exist within societies. By integrating sociological insights with educational practices, policymakers and educators can design inclusive and equitable systems that contribute to sustainable social development. The study concludes that understanding the sociological foundations of education is essential for developing educational policies that foster social justice, cultural integration, and national progress.

Keywords: Sociology of Education, Socialization, Social Stratification, Cultural Transmission, Social Mobility, Educational Inequality, Social Institutions.

Page No: 171-177

Author: Dr. Anirban Khatua

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110020

Abstract: The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) represents one of the world’s oldest and most comprehensive traditions of intellectual, philosophical, and practical knowledge. Rooted in centuries of observation, reflection, and experience, ancient Indian wisdom encompasses diverse domains such as philosophy, science, education, medicine, mathematics, ecology, and social organization. In contemporary times, the relevance of this knowledge system has gained renewed attention as societies seek sustainable solutions to modern challenges related to health, environment, education, and ethical living. This research article explores the conceptual foundations of the Indian Knowledge System and examines its relevance in modern life. It highlights how ancient Indian wisdom promotes holistic thinking, emphasizing the harmony between individual well-being, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. The study also discusses the contributions of traditional knowledge in fields such as Ayurveda, yoga, mathematics, astronomy, and ethical philosophy. Furthermore, it analyzes how these ancient insights can contribute to addressing contemporary issues such as mental health, ecological crises, and value-based education. The article argues that integrating the principles of the Indian Knowledge System with modern scientific knowledge can create a balanced framework for sustainable development and human flourishing. Understanding and revitalizing this knowledge tradition can therefore play a vital role in shaping a more ethical, harmonious, and sustainable society.

Keywords: Indian Knowledge System, Ancient Wisdom, Holistic Living, Traditional Knowledge, Contemporary Relevance.

Page No: 178-186

Author: Dr. Rina Mondal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110021

Abstract: Gender equality and women empowerment are widely recognized as essential components of sustainable and inclusive development. Despite significant progress in education, health, and economic participation, women across many parts of the world continue to face structural inequalities, social discrimination, and limited access to opportunities. The concept of inclusive development emphasizes equitable participation of all sections of society in economic growth and social progress. In this context, gender equality plays a crucial role in ensuring that women have equal rights, resources, and opportunities in all spheres of life. Women empowerment, which includes social, economic, political, and educational empowerment, enables women to exercise their rights, participate in decision-making, and contribute actively to national development. This research article examines the relationship between gender equality and women empowerment and their significance in achieving inclusive development. It explores the conceptual framework, historical evolution, policy initiatives, and challenges associated with gender equality and women empowerment. The article also highlights the role of education, economic participation, and policy reforms in promoting gender equity. The study concludes that empowering women and ensuring gender equality are not only matters of social justice but also essential strategies for building sustainable and inclusive societies.

Keywords: Gender Equality, Women Empowerment, Inclusive Development, Social Justice, Sustainable Development.

Page No: 187-193

Author: Sumit Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110022

Abstract: वर्तमान समय में जलवायु परिवर्तन वैश्विक स्तर पर एक गंभीर चुनौती के रूप में उभर रहा है। इसका प्रभाव केवल पर्यावरण तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि यह आर्थिक गतिविधियों, विशेष रूप से कृषि क्षेत्र को भी गहराई से प्रभावित कर रहा है। कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था जलवायु परिस्थितियों जैसे तापमान, वर्षा और मौसम के पैटर्न पर अत्यधिक निर्भर करती है।

इस शोध पत्र का उद्देश्य Climate Change (जलवायु परिवर्तन) के कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था पर पड़ने वाले प्रभावों का विश्लेषण करना है। अध्ययन में यह पाया गया कि जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण वर्षा के पैटर्न में बदलाव, तापमान में वृद्धि, सूखा और बाढ़ जैसी प्राकृतिक आपदाएँ बढ़ रही हैं, जिससे कृषि उत्पादन और किसानों की आय प्रभावित हो रही है।

इसके साथ ही यह भी पाया गया कि कृषि क्षेत्र में तकनीकी नवाचार, जल प्रबंधन और टिकाऊ कृषि पद्धतियों को अपनाकर जलवायु परिवर्तन के नकारात्मक प्रभावों को कम किया जा सकता है।

Keywords: जलवायु परिवर्तन, कृषि अर्थव्यवस्था, कृषि उत्पादन, आर्थिक विकास, पर्यावरणीय परिवर्तन।

Page No: 194-198

Author: Masud Sarkar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110023

Abstract: Mining is a substantial component of the evolving economy, widely regarded as both indispensable and socially detrimental. It is a significant factor in causing air and water pollution and has a lasting effect on their overall quality. The Ganga is revered as one of India’s most sacred and venerated rivers, and is considered to be the birthplace of Indian culture. The main objectives of the present study are to investigate the concentrations of contaminants in both the flowing water and deposits of the River Ganga. By employing technical developments like the “Water Quality Index” (WQI), “Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy” (AAS) and the “Index of Biotic Integrity” (IBI), the study acquire essential knowledge on the magnitude and consequences of pollution on both human well-being and the integrity of ecosystems. Using the WQI, it evaluate many factors such as heavy metal concentrations, microbiological presence, and pH levels to gain a thorough picture of water’s purity and the degree of pollution resulting from mining activity. Rivers worldwide have been contaminated with substantial quantities of potentially toxic metals as a result of widespread human involvement and the expansion of manufacturing and agriculture. Furthermore, toxic metal remnants that possess the capacity to cause harm can accumulate in soil, microorganisms, aquatic vegetation, and organisms in rivers that have been contaminatedwater quality and the extent of contamination caused by mining activities. Due to extensive human activities and the growth of industrial and agricultural output, significant amounts of potentially harmful metals have been released into rivers worldwide.

Keywords: River Health; Water Quality Index (WQI); Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI); Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

Page No: 199-210

Author: Sujit Sarkar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110024

Abstract: Fluvial processes play a fundamental role in shaping the Earth’s surface, particularly within river basins where the continuous interaction between water flow, sediment transport, and geomorphic forces leads to the evolution of diverse landforms. This research article explores the mechanisms of fluvial processes— erosion, transportation, and deposition—and their contribution to landform development across different stages of river evolution. By examining the spatial and temporal dynamics of river systems, the study highlights how factors such as climate, geology, gradient, and human interventions influence fluvial geomorphology. The article also emphasizes the significance of river basins as dynamic systems that sustain ecological balance, support human settlements, and contribute to economic development. Through a comprehensive geographical perspective, the study underscores the importance of sustainable river basin management in the context of environmental change.

Keywords: Fluvial Processes, River Basin, Erosion, Deposition, Landforms, Meanders, Floodplains, Delta, Geomorphology, Sediment Transport.

Page No: 211-217

Author: Shyamsundar Sau

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110025

Abstract: The theory of plate tectonics has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the Earth’s dynamic processes and the occurrence of seismic hazards. Earthquakes, one of the most devastating natural disasters, are primarily the result of interactions among tectonic plates. These hazards not only cause immediate destruction but also have long-term socio-economic and environmental consequences. This research article provides a comprehensive and critical analysis of plate tectonics and its relationship with seismic hazards, with a particular focus on disaster preparedness. It examines the nature of tectonic processes, the spatial distribution of earthquakes, and the varying degrees of vulnerability across regions. The study also explores the role of technology, governance, and community participation in reducing seismic risks. By integrating geological insights with disaster management strategies, the article emphasizes the urgent need for proactive, inclusive, and science-based approaches to enhance resilience in earthquake-prone regions.

Keywords: Plate Tectonics, Seismic Hazards, Earthquake Risk, Disaster Preparedness, Tectonic Plate Boundaries, Seismic Vulnerability.

Page No: 218-225

Author: Debika Haldar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110026

Abstract: The socio-economic transformation of tribal communities in the contemporary era represents one of the most complex and dynamic processes in the discourse of development studies. Traditionally characterized by subsistence economies, close ecological relationships, and culturally embedded lifestyles, tribal societies are increasingly experiencing the pressures and opportunities of modernization, globalization, and state-led development. This research article critically examines how socio-economic changes influence lifestyle adaptations among tribal communities, with a focus on cultural identity, education, gender relations, health practices, environmental interactions, and technological integration. Drawing upon interdisciplinary perspectives, the study argues that while modernization facilitates improved access to resources, education, and mobility, it simultaneously challenges traditional values, social cohesion, and indigenous knowledge systems. The article further explores how tribal communities negotiate these transformations, balancing continuity and change in a rapidly evolving socio-economic landscape.

Keywords: Socio-Economic Status, Tribal Communities, Lifestyle Adaptation, Modernization, Cultural Change, Education, Gender, Globalization, Livelihood, Digital Inclusion.

Page No: 226-231

Author: Abdul Wadud

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110027

Abstract:The emergence of posthumanist thought has fundamentally reshaped the ways in which scholars conceptualize identity, agency, and ethical responsibility in an era increasingly defined by technological advancement and ecological crisis. The fiction of Margaret Atwood, particularly works such as Oryx and Crake, The Year of the Flood, and MaddAddam, provides a compelling literary space for examining the philosophical and ethical implications of posthumanism. This article explores how Atwood’s narratives decenter the human subject, challenging anthropocentric assumptions and interrogating the moral responsibilities that arise in a world shared with non-human entities, hybrid species, and artificial life forms. Through a critical engagement with posthumanist theory, the study argues that Atwood’s fiction calls for an expanded ethical framework grounded in interdependence, ecological awareness, and humility.

Keywords: Posthumanism, Anthropocentrism, Ethics, Moral Responsibility, Margaret Atwood, Non-human Agency, Ecocriticism, Dystopia.

Page No: 232-236

Author: Md Barkat Sk

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110028

Abstract: Modern Indian English poetry often negotiates the complex interplay between human experience and the natural environment. In the context of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and socio-cultural transformations, poets such as A. K. Ramanujan foreground the interdependence of humans and nature, emphasizing ecological consciousness and ethical engagement with the environment. This study explores the representation of nature in selected poems of Ramanujan through an ecocritical lens, examining themes of environmental degradation, human alienation, traditional ecological knowledge, and the ethical responsibilities of humans towards non-human life. The paper also investigates narrative strategies, imagery, and symbolism used to articulate ecological consciousness in modern Indian English poetry. By situating Ramanujan within the broader discourse of eco-literature, this research highlights how Indian poets negotiate the tensions between tradition, modernity, and environmental ethics.

Keywords: Ecocriticism, Nature, Modern Indian English Poetry, A. K. Ramanujan, Environmental Ethics, Landscape, Ecological Consciousness.

Page No: 237-241

Author: Yasminara Khatun

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110029

Abstract: Language is a vital marker of cultural identity and social continuity. In the contemporary globalized world, languages are increasingly influenced by economic, political, and technological forces, often leading to language shift and endangerment. Urdu, a language rich in literary heritage and cultural significance, faces considerable challenges in maintaining its relevance amid globalization, modernization, and the dominance of global languages such as English. This study explores the phenomenon of language shift in the context of Urdu, examining socio-economic, educational, technological, and political factors contributing to its marginalization. It also investigates the implications of this shift for cultural identity and heritage preservation. Furthermore, the study highlights various strategies for language preservation, including policy reforms, educational initiatives, digital integration, and community engagement. Drawing upon qualitative and descriptive analysis, the research underscores the urgent need for collective efforts to sustain Urdu in the global era. The findings emphasize that language preservation is not merely a linguistic concern but a cultural and ethical imperative.

Keywords: Urdu Language, Language Shift, Globalization, Cultural Preservation, Linguistic Identity.

Page No: 242-248

Author: Mst. Waleda Khatun

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110030

Abstract: Classical Arabic literature is deeply enriched by the spiritual and philosophical traditions of Sufism, where symbolism and mysticism serve as central modes of expression. Sufi writers employed metaphorical language, allegory, and symbolic imagery to articulate profound spiritual experiences that transcend ordinary linguistic boundaries. This study explores the role of symbolism and mysticism in classical Arabic Sufi texts, focusing on how these elements convey themes of divine love, unity, self-annihilation (fana), and spiritual enlightenment. Through a qualitative and interpretative approach, the paper examines key Sufi poets and prose writers, highlighting their use of symbolic motifs such as light, wine, journey, and the beloved. The study also analyzes how mystical concepts are encoded in literary forms to communicate esoteric meanings accessible primarily to initiated readers. The findings reveal that symbolism is not merely a stylistic device but a necessary medium through which ineffable spiritual truths are expressed. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the interplay between literature and spirituality in the Arabic tradition and underscores the enduring relevance of Sufi thought in contemporary literary and philosophical discourse.

Keywords: Sufism, Symbolism, Mysticism, Arabic Literature, Spirituality.

Page No: 249-254

Author: Tanusree Naskar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110031

Abstract: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematologic malignancy characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and impaired differentiation of myeloid progenitors. Diallyl Disulfide (DADS), a bioactive organosulfur compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum), has emerged as a potent antileukemic agent due to its ability to induce apoptosis in AML cells. This review comprehensively examines the molecular mechanisms underlying DADS-mediated cell death, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of intrinsic caspase cascades, inhibition of survival pathways such as EGFR/ERK/PKM2 and mTOR, and induction of autophagy. In addition, DADS demonstrates synergistic apoptotic effects when combined with bioactive compounds and chemotherapeutic agents, while selectively sparing normal hematopoietic cells. Beyond apoptosis, DADS promotes differentiation and inhibits proliferation in leukemic cells, further contributing to its anti-leukemic potential. Collectively, these findings highlight DADS as a multifaceted therapeutic candidate capable of targeting chemoresistant and stem-like AML cells. Further investigation is warranted to optimize its clinical application and develop effective combination strategies.

Keywords: Diallyl Disulfide, Apoptosis, Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Reactive Oxygen Species, Leukemic Stem Cells.

Page No: 255-262

Author: Sibaprasad Maity

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110032

Abstract: Environment covers all those circumstances which assert their influence on the individual since conception to death. Modern humanity has realized the need of ecological conservation and safety of Environment. Public awareness is being created for the protection of life on the Earth. Many programs for a better Environment and conservation of natural resources are being carried out all over the world. The scientific conservation programs are mainly based on the principles of ecology. We can get a better Environment only when everybody especially the children become aware of it.

For the above mentioned purpose, to aware the students, Supreme Court gave an order to introduce Environment studies in the syllabus of degree course in all the states of India. Afterwards, this subject is included in Secondary and Higher Secondary courses.

Now the subject Environmental Studies is regarded as one of the subjects. But it is unfortunate to mention that this subject is not given proper emphasis by the school authorities or teachers. There is not even a dedicated subject teacher to teach the subject. So in maximum cases, this subject is taught by the science or geography teachers. Sometimes, the language teachers are forced to teach environment studies. Naturally they cannot inspire or motivate the students properly. As a result, the plan of the Government to make the students aware of Environment does not reach its goal.

Keywords: Environmental Studies, Environmental Awareness, Curriculum, Secondary Stage.

Page No: 263-270

Author: Dr. Ajoy Kumar Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110033

Abstract: কাসাই- সুবর্ণরেখা অববাহিকা বিস্তৃত অঞ্চলে জেতোড় জনগোষ্ঠীর প্রায় লক্ষাধিক মানুষ বসবাস করে। প্রচলিত আদমশুমারির বিবরণ এবং সরকার ঘোষিত জাতি ও উপজাতি এবং অন্যান্য অনগ্রসর জাতির তালিকায় এদের কোন উল্লেখ দেখা যায় না। বাংলার জনজাতির প্রকৃত ইতিহাসের স্বরূপ উপলব্ধির জন্য, এদের জীবন ও সংস্কৃতির পর্যালোচনা একান্ত অনিবার্য। উল্লেখ্য ইতিপূর্বে এই জাতির সম্পর্কে কেউই সেই ভাবে উল্লেখ করেননি কোন গ্রন্থে। এই জনগোষ্ঠীর মূল অবস্থান পশ্চিম সীমান্ত বঙ্গের কংসাবতী ও সুবর্ণরেখা নদীর অববাহিকা, যা মূলত পশ্চিম মেদিনীপুর ও ঝাড়গ্রাম জেলা। জেতোড় সমাজ মূলত মাতৃতান্ত্রিক সমাজ। কিংবদন্তি অনুসারে হাজার হাজার বছর ধরে জাত হারিয়ে বিভিন্ন বর্ণের সংমিশ্রণে বা অবৈধ যৌন সংসর্গে জেতোড় জনগোষ্ঠীর উদ্ভব হয়েছে। কৃষি কাজ এদের মূল অর্থনীতি। এছাড়াও বাড়ির মহিলারা জঙ্গলে জ্বালানি সংগ্রহের কাজে যুক্ত। তবে এদের সুনাম মূলত ধাত্রীবিদ্যায়। পুরুষেরা নদীতে মাছ ধরতে যায়, বালি খাদানে কাজ করে এবং ইট ভাটাতে ও কাজ করে। বংশগত ধারাবাহিকতায় এরা গান-বাজনাতে খুবই উৎসাহী। দৈহিক গঠন ও পোষাক পরিচ্ছদে আদিমতার ছাপ স্পষ্ট। এদের সামাজিক অবস্থান মূলত, মূল সমাজ জীবন থেকে বহু দূরে, স্থানগত বিচ্ছিন্নতা বা ভৌগোলিক দূরত্ব এবং সমাজের জাতি বর্ণগত ব্যবধান জনিত সামাজিক বিচ্ছিন্নতার প্রভাবে, জেতোড় জনজাতির জাতিগত প্রকৃতি এবং সংস্কৃতিক রূপ প্রকৃতপক্ষে প্রান্তীয় সংস্কৃতির বিশিষ্ট স্বরূপকেই প্রতিফলিত করে। বাংলার এই প্রাচীন প্রান্তিক জনজাতি বাংলার বৃহৎ সামাজিক-সাংস্কৃতিক পরিমণ্ডল বিচ্যুত কেন? আর্থ-রাজনৈতিক পরিস্থিতি কীভাবে এদের বৃহত্তর আর্থ-রাজনৈতিক পরিস্থিতি থেকে বৈপরিত্য আদিম ধারা অনুসরণে বাধ্য করেছে? এসকল উদ্ভূত প্রশ্নাবলীর তথ্যনিষ্ঠ আলোচনা এই প্রবন্ধে অবতারণা করার প্রয়াস।

Keywords: জেতোড়, কংসাবতী, সুবর্ণরেখা, নরতা, হাতিমানা ডোম, বাউরি, করমডাল, সুশীল সমাজ।

Page No: 271-277

Author: Ranit Bera

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110034

Abstract: কৃষ্ণস্তু ভগবান স্বয়ং’। শ্রীকৃষ্ণই স্বয়ং ভগবান। পূর্ণব্রহ্ম পরমপুরুষ লীলা পুরুষোত্তম ভগবান তিনি। ভারতীয় সমাজ ও সাহিত্যের পৌরাণিক যুগ থেকেই কৃষ্ণ কথার বিকাশ লক্ষ্য করা যায়, সেই প্রভাব পড়েছিল বাঙালি সমাজেও। বাঙালি সমাজের প্রাচীনকাল থেকেই ধনী-দরিদ্র, ভক্ত-রসিক আপামর বাঙ্গালী কৃষ্ণ কথায় তৃষ্ণা মেটাতেন। বাঙ্গালী চিন্তনে মননে কৃষ্ণ অন্যান্য দেবতার মত স্মরণীয় হলেও কোথাও যেন কৃষ্ণ বাঙালির নিজস্ব সংস্কৃতিতে নিজের জায়গা করে নিয়েছিলেন। তারই প্রতিফলন স্বরূপ আমরা পাই শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন কাব্য, বৈষ্ণব পদাবলী, শ্রীকৃষ্ণবিজয় প্রভৃতি মধ্যযুগের মহামূল্যবান কৃষ্ণকেন্দ্রিক গ্রন্থগুলি। প্রাচীন সাহিত্যে কৃষ্ণকথা বিভিন্ন পুরাণ উপ-পুরাণাদিতে আলোচিত হয়েছে, যেমন- মহাভারতের পরিশিষ্ট খিল হরিবংশ, ছান্দোগ্য উপনিষদ, গর্গ সংহিতা, কৃষ্ণকর্ণামৃত প্রভৃতি বহুবিধ গ্রন্থে। কৃষ্ণ কথা আপামর ভারতবাসীর হৃদয়ের স্পন্দন। শ্রীকৃষ্ণ কে কবিরা আপন দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিতে মনের মাধুরী মিশিয়ে নব নব রূপে তাদের কাব্যে সাহিত্যে উপস্থাপন করেছেন। প্রাচীন যুগের কৃষ্ণকেন্দ্রিক গ্রন্থগুলি দেখলে দেখব কৃষ্ণের স্বরূপত স্বাতন্ত্র। মধ্যযুগের সাহিত্যের দিকে তাকালেও দেখব কবিগণ এক এক ভিন্ন দৃষ্টিতে কৃষ্ণ চরিত্র উপস্থাপন করেছেন, যার ফলে কৃষ্ণ চরিত্রের বিভিন্ন দিক সম্পর্কে ও সাহিত্য সংস্কৃতিতে তার প্রভাব সম্পর্কে একটা সম্যক ধারণা লাভ করা যেতে পারে।

Keywords: কৃষ্ণ, পূর্ণব্রহ্ম, পৌরাণিক, তৃষ্ণা, মধ্যযুগ, মাধুরী, হৃদয়, সাহিত্য প্রভৃতি।

Page No: 278-281

Author: Dr. Anamika Shil

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110035

Abstract: This paper explores the enduring importance of Sanskrit in Indian culture and the contributions of Nazrul Islam to India’s intellectual renaissance through his advocacy of its use in modern Indian culture. Sanskrit is an ancient language that has played a significant role in Indian culture, philosophy, and religion. Despite its ancient roots, Sanskrit remains a living language in India, with a vibrant community of scholars, teachers, and students who study and use it today. Nazrul Islam was a Bengali poet, musician, and revolutionary who advocated for the use of Sanskrit in modern Indian culture, arguing that it was essential for the development of a modern, intellectual India. In his poetry, Nazrul often incorporated Sanskrit vocabulary and literary techniques, drawing on the language’s rich literary tradition. His contributions to India’s intellectual renaissance were wide- ranging and multifaceted, and his advocacy for the use of Sanskrit highlighted the enduring importance of the language in Indian culture and society. In conclusion, Sanskrit is an ancient language that remains of great importance in Indian culture and society. Nazrul Islam’s advocacy of Sanskrit in modern Indian culture was an important contribution to India’s intellectual renaissance. The enduring legacy of Sanskrit and Nazrul’s contributions continues to inspire scholars and students alike to study and use the language to this day.

Keywords: Sanskrit, Indian Culture, Nazrul Islam, Intellectual Renaissance, Language, Literature, Philosophy, Religion, Vocabulary, Literary Techniques.

Page No: 282-286

Author: Madhu Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110036

Abstract: The development of scientific temper among students has been recognized as a crucial goal of education in India since the time of independence. Scientific temper refers to a mindset that values rational thinking, curiosity, evidence-based reasoning, and openness to questioning. In the context of school education, it is not only about learning science as a subject but also about cultivating habits of inquiry and critical thinking that extend to everyday life. This study explores how science education in Indian schools contributes to the development of scientific temper among students. Secondary sources such as policy documents, curriculum frameworks, and scholarly studies reveal that the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 emphasizes inquiry-based learning, experiential activities, and integration of technology to nurture scientific temper. The National Curriculum Framework also highlights the importance of moving beyond rote learning to encourage questioning, experimentation, and problem-solving. However, challenges remain in practice. Many schools, particularly in rural areas, continue to rely heavily on textbook-centered teaching and examoriented approaches. Limited infrastructure, lack of laboratory facilities, and insufficient teacher training often restrict opportunities for hands-on learning. At the same time, prospects are encouraging. Initiatives such as Atal Tinkering Labs, STEM clubs, and digital learning platforms are creating new spaces for students to explore science creatively. Teachers who adopt activity-based methods and encourage curiosity play a vital role in fostering scientific temper. The study underscores that scientific temper cannot be developed through memorization alone; it requires supportive environments, innovative pedagogy, and a culture of questioning. So, science education in Indian schools has the potential to nurture scientific temper, but this requires consistent efforts to strengthen infrastructure, teacher training, and pedagogical practices. By addressing these challenges, schools can prepare students not only to excel academically but also to become rational, innovative, and responsible citizens.

Keywords: Scientific Temper, Science Education, Inquiry-Based Learning, Critical Thinking, NEP 2020, Curriculum Framework.

Page No: 287-293

Author: Arfi Anjoon

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110037

Abstract: Women empowerment is a key indicator of social development and gender equality. However, in many socioeconomically backward districts such as Murshidabad in West Bengal, women continue to face significant challenges related to education, employment, health, and social status. This study examines the status, challenges, and prospects of women empowerment in Murshidabad district. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology using thematic analysis of secondary data from government reports, census data, academic studies, and policy documents. The findings indicate that although government initiatives such as Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Kanyashree Prakalpa, and skill development programs have improved women’s educational participation and financial inclusion, gender inequality, poverty, early marriage, and low workforce participation remain major challenges. The study concludes that education, economic opportunities, and policy interventions are critical for improving women empowerment. Strengthening educational access, employment opportunities, and financial inclusion can significantly enhance women empowerment in Murshidabad district.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Gender Inequality, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Education, Financial Inclusion.

Page No: 294-298

Author: মানবেন্দ্র নাথ মাজী

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03110038

Abstract(সারসংক্ষেপ): মধ্যযুগীয় বাংলা সাহিত্য ধর্ম, নৈতিকতা এবং সামাজিক চেতনার একটি সমৃদ্ধ ধারা হিসেবে বিবেচিত। এই গবেষণাপত্রে চণ্ডীদাসের কাব্যকর্মকে কেন্দ্র করে মধ্যযুগীয় বাংলা সাহিত্যে ধর্ম ও নৈতিকতার প্রকাশ বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। চণ্ডীদাস, যিনি চণ্ডীমঙ্গল ও শ্রীকৃষ্ণমঙ্গল রচনা করেছেন, কেবল দেবতার মহিমা ও আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষার প্রতিফলন ঘটাননি, বরং সাধারণ মানুষের নৈতিক জীবন, সামাজিক মূল্যবোধ এবং আঞ্চলিক সংস্কৃতির বাস্তব চিত্রও উপস্থাপন করেছেন। চণ্ডীমঙ্গলে স্থানীয় উৎসব, পূজা, গ্রামীণ জীবন ও সামাজিক সম্পর্কের বর্ণনা কেবল আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষার মাধ্যম নয়, আঞ্চলিক সংস্কৃতি সংরক্ষণ ও প্রচারের একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ মাধ্যম হিসেবেও কাজ করেছে। শ্রীকৃষ্ণমঙ্গলে কৃষ্ণভক্তির মাধ্যমে সহমর্মিতা, ন্যায়পরায়ণতা এবং পারস্পরিক সহযোগিতার নৈতিক শিক্ষার সংমিশ্রণ লক্ষ্য করা যায়। গবেষণায় দেখা যায় যে, চণ্ডীদাসের আখ্যানধর্মী ও রূপকধর্মী কাব্য সাধারণ মানুষের দৈনন্দিন জীবন ও আধ্যাত্মিক চেতনার মধ্যে সেতুবন্ধন স্থাপন করেছে। মধ্যযুগীয় বাংলা সাহিত্যে ধর্ম ও নৈতিকতার এই বহুমাত্রিক প্রকাশ কেবল সাহিত্যিক মূল্যবোধ নয়, সামাজিক সচেতনতা, আঞ্চলিক ঐতিহ্য সংরক্ষণ এবং আধ্যাত্মিক শিক্ষার চিরন্তন বার্তাও বহন করে।

Keywords(মূল শব্দ): চণ্ডীদাস, মধ্যযুগীয় বাংলা সাহিত্য, ভক্তিকাব্য, নৈতিকতা, আঞ্চলিক সংস্কৃতি।

Page No: 299-303