Year 2025 - August | Volume -3 | Issue -8

Towards A Holistic Model of Professional Development: Integration of Technical, Emotional, and Ethical Skills

Author: Arijit Bera & Dr. Chaman Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080001

Abstract: Professional development has traditionally been equated with the acquisition of technical competencies that enable individuals to fulfill the demands of their professions. However, the rapid transformation of global economies, the digital revolution, and the growing awareness of ethical challenges in professional spaces underscore the inadequacy of skill development strategies focused solely on technical expertise. A truly effective and future-ready model of professional development must integrate technical, emotional, and ethical skills, acknowledging that workplace success is increasingly defined by not only intellectual and technological proficiency but also emotional intelligence, moral integrity, and social responsibility. This paper critically examines the historical evolution of professional development models, explores the theoretical foundations of a holistic approach, and proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating these three key skill domains to prepare professionals for the complexities of the modern world.

Keywords: Professional Development, Technical, Emotional, Ethical.

Page No: 1-8

Herbal Ethnomedicine Used for Skin Disease as in Tribals of Jharkhand, India

Author: Romy Raj

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080002

Abstract: Herbal ethnomedicine is a crucial aspect of traditional healthcare among the tribal communities of Jharkhand, India. These communities possess extensive knowledge of medicinal plants, which they use to treat various skin diseases. This study aims to document and analyze the ethnomedicinal practices related to skin ailments among the tribals of Jharkhand. Through field surveys and interviews with local healers, several plant species used in the treatment of skin diseases were identified. The findings reveal that plants such as Aloe vera, Azadirachtaindica (Neem), and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) are commonly used for their antifungal, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The study highlights the significance of preserving traditional knowledge and integrating it with modern medicine to develop effective treatments for skin diseases.

Keywords: Herbal Ethnomedicine, Skin Diseases, Tribal Communities, Jharkhand, Medicinal Plants, Traditional Knowledge, Antifungal, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory.

Page No: 9-14

Rural Exodus: Understanding Labour Migration in Jharkhand

Author: Indrajit De

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080003

Abstract: The study had examined the multi-dimensional causes of labour migration in the backward districts of Jharkhand, focusing on economic, agricultural, social, healthcare, and educational determinants. Field surveys and interviews had been conducted across fifteen villages in Palamu, Garhwa, and Latehar districts, using a stratified random sampling method to include both migrant and non-migrant households. Quantitative data had been analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression models, while qualitative data had been examined thematically. The findings had revealed that unemployment, income disparities, and indebtedness had been major economic push factors, while land fragmentation, declining agricultural productivity, and seasonal work patterns had reinforced migration. Social barriers, including caste-based discrimination and limited upward mobility, had further influenced migration decisions. Additionally, inadequate healthcare facilities, high malnutrition rates, poor educational infrastructure, and high dropout rates had emerged as significant service-related drivers. Migration had provided short-term economic benefits through remittances but had also resulted in rural labour shortages and dependence on external income. The study had emphasized the need for integrated rural development policies targeting livelihood creation, agricultural modernization, and service infrastructure improvement to reduce distress migration.

Keywords: Labour Migration, Jharkhand, Rural Development, Agricultural Productivity, Social Exclusion, Healthcare Access, Educational Infrastructure.

Page No: 15-20

Intersecting Pathways: Socio-Economic Status and Parental Aspirations in Tribal Girls’ Education at the Secondary Level

Author: Asim Mahata & Dr. Chaman Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080004

Abstract: This study examines the interplay between socio-economic status (SES) and parental aspirations in influencing the academic achievement of tribal girls at the secondary level. Tribal communities in India face multiple barriers to education, including poverty, cultural marginalization, gender norms, and limited access to quality schooling. Parental aspirations, often shaped by these socio-economic realities, play a pivotal role in determining girls’ enrollment, attendance, and academic performance. Through a conceptual exploration supported by existing literature, this research highlights the importance of integrating economic support with initiatives to raise awareness among parents and communities. The study emphasizes culturally responsive education, mentorship, and infrastructure development as crucial strategies for bridging educational disparities. By understanding these intersecting factors, policymakers, educators, and community leaders can create inclusive learning environments that foster equity and empowerment for tribal girls, ensuring sustainable development and social transformation in marginalized regions.

Keywords: Socio-Economic Status, Parental Aspirations, Tribal Girls, Secondary Education, Educational Equity.

Page No: 21-27

Variations in Water Quality in Freshwater Aquatic Bodies in West Bengal

Author: Diptak Chakraborty

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080005

Abstract: Freshwater ponds in suburban Kolkata are vital to the ecosystem, aquaculture, groundwater recharging, and daily life. Rapid urbanization and unregulated human inputs are straining aquatic systems, necessitating systematic water quality monitoring. This study explores seasonal and geographical variability in water quality indicators in five typical ponds in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal: Birati, Madhyamgram, Panihati, and New Barrackpore. Leased for aquaculture, the ponds are also utilized for idol immersion, street cleaning, and domestic washing. The ponds, bordered by dense residential areas, receive organic and chemical loads from these activities. The water samples were tested for phosphate, nitrate,biological oxygen demand (BOD), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Results vary significantly seasonally for all metrics. The seasonal patterns of atmospheric and water temperatures, which peaked at 36°C in summer and dropped to 11°C in winter, showed the strong climatic influence. Dissolved organic matter (DO) concentrations ranged from 4.02 mg/L in New Barrackpore to 8.15 mg/L elsewhere, indicating uneven organic loading and environmental stress. Pond pH showed different trends. Birati was alkaline, but New Barrackpore 2 had lower values (~7.3), indicating acidic pollution or abundant organic pollutants. BOD and COD values fluctuated, peaking at 4.24 mg/L and 6.9 mg/L, respectively, indicating organic matter intake from household activities and runoff. Nutrient dynamics analysis found seasonal maxima for phosphate (0.17-0.45 mg/L) and nitrate (1.4-5.2 mg/L) during monsoon months, indicating runoff and wastewater discharge influence. Continual high phosphate and nitrate levels in New Barrackpore 2 and Panihati reflect human stress and may impair eutrophication and fish production. The study emphasizes the importance of ongoing monitoring of suburban ponds because nutrient levels, fluctuations in dissolved organic matter (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) directly affect water quality, aquatic biodiversity, and aquaculture viability. The results illustrate how seasonal rains, poor waste management, and localized pollution worsen biological imbalances in these vital waterways. Community engagement, trash removal, and water quality checks are needed to safeguard suburban Kolkata’s freshwater ponds’ ecological health, socio-cultural functions, and economic value.

Keywords: Water Quality, Pollution, Seasonal Variation, Freshwater Pond, Suburban.

Page No: 28-38

India’s Financial Budget: Investing in a Greener Tomorrow and Sustainable Development Goals

Author: Khushi Jain & Deep Chakraborty

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080006

Abstract: The idea of a sustainable environment, originating from “Environia,” highlights the importance of maintaining ecological balance amid increasing carbon emissions and climate change. Human activities play a significant role in this warming, driving global efforts toward sustainability. The Indian Union Budget significantly influences environmental sustainability. The Indian environmental technologies market, valued at $23 billion, is expected to grow due to challenges related to air and water pollution. Key regulations, such as the Wildlife Protection Act and Plastic Waste Management Rules, shape this sector. This paper examines these relationships and their implications for sustainable development. From 2015 to 2024, the Indian Union Budget’s allocations have focused on initiatives like clean air, renewable energy, wildlife conservation, and urban sanitation. Significant investments have been made in green technologies, environmental regulations, and programs like Project Tiger and Project Elephant. The budget also emphasizes clean transportation, including electric vehicles and urban rail systems. The analysis highlights the evolving priorities and financial commitments of the Indian government in addressing climate change and achieving environmental sustainability. The 2024-25 Interim Union Budget showcases progressive climate action with initiatives such as rooftop solarisation and biomass aggregation. India’s commitment to clean transportation, green energy, and biodiversity conservation marks significant progress. However, further efforts in sustainable infrastructure and community participation are crucial.

Keywords: Indian Financial Budget; Sustainable Development Goal; Environmental Growth; Environmental Economy.

Page No: 39-49

A Rational Inquiry into the Concept of God

Author: Shiuli Mishra & Dr. Sanjay Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080007

Abstract: The question of God’s existence and nature has remained one of humanity’s most profound and enduring inquiries, deeply embedded in philosophy, theology, science, and culture. This article undertakes a rational exploration of the concept of God, emphasizing the intellectual traditions that have shaped theism from antiquity to the modern era. Rather than relying solely on religious faith or revelation, this study focuses on logical reasoning, metaphysical analysis, and ethical reflection to evaluate the coherence of belief in God. Drawing from classical philosophy, medieval scholasticism, Enlightenment thought, and contemporary analytic philosophy, this article examines major arguments for and against God’s existence, including cosmological, ontological, teleological, and moral approaches. It also engages with critiques from atheism, agnosticism, and secular humanism, exploring whether rational theism can withstand scientific scrutiny and philosophical skepticism. Through comparative analysis, the discussion highlights the evolving nature of the God-concept, ranging from impersonal metaphysical principles to a personal and morally perfect deity. Ultimately, this paper argues that rational inquiry into God remains central to philosophical discourse, offering not only intellectual clarity but also ethical and existential depth. In doing so, it demonstrates that philosophical theism provides a meaningful framework for understanding reality, morality, and the human search for ultimate meaning.

Keywords: God-Concept, Cosmological, Ontological, Teleological, Moral, Philosophical.

Page No: 50-55

Social Isolation and Its Impact on Well-Being: An Interdisciplinary Study

Author: Sourav Maity & Dr. Chaman Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080008

Abstract: Social isolation has become an increasingly prevalent concern in the modern world, drawing attention from scholars in psychology, sociology, public health, and behavioral sciences. It represents more than physical solitude; it is a multidimensional phenomenon that disrupts individual well-being, undermines community cohesion, and creates challenges for healthcare and policy systems worldwide. This article offers a thorough interdisciplinary examination of social isolation, its causes, manifestations, and implications for mental, physical, and social health. Drawing on psychological theories, sociological frameworks, and empirical research, the paper demonstrates that social isolation is a critical determinant of overall well-being, with consequences comparable to other major public health risks. Finally, it explores strategies and interventions, emphasizing the need for integrative approaches to address this pressing issue in the context of globalization, digitalization, and rapidly changing social structures.

Keywords: Social Isolation, Social, Psychological, Community, Health.

Page No: 56-60

Voices of Change: Women’s Education as a Catalyst for Inclusive Development

Author: Bidhan Pakhira

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080009

Abstract: This paper explores how women’s education functions as a transformative force in advancing inclusive development across social, economic, and political dimensions. Grounded in feminist development theory, human capital theory, and Sen’s Capability Approach, the analysis underscores the reciprocal relationship between education and empowerment. It highlights that educating women not only enhances individual agency and well-being but also catalyzes broader societal progress by challenging patriarchal structures, fostering economic productivity, and promoting intergenerational mobility. Through case studies from Bangladesh, Rwanda, and India, the paper illustrates how targeted educational initiatives, when combined with policy reforms and grassroots engagement, can reshape gender dynamics and foster inclusive growth. Furthermore, it emphasizes the role of education in promoting social justice, reducing gender-based violence, and enabling democratic participation. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for building equitable education systems through policy intervention, community mobilization, technological innovation, and intersectional approaches. Ultimately, the study positions women’s education not merely as a developmental input but as a moral imperative for creating just, inclusive, and resilient societies.

Keywords: Women’s Education, Empowerment, Inclusive Development, Gender Equality, Social Transformation.

Page No: 61-67

Parenting and Emotional Maturity: A Pathway to Resilient Development

Author: Mamata Sahay & Dr. Shamma Chakraborty

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080010

Abstract: Parenting represents one of the most critical influences in shaping children’s psychological, emotional, and social outcomes. Beyond ensuring physical survival, the role of parents extends to nurturing the capacity for emotional maturity—a foundational quality that underpins resilience, empathy, adaptability, and mental health. Emotional maturity, understood as the ability to manage emotions, demonstrate empathy, and maintain balanced social relationships, forms the cornerstone of resilience. This paper explores the relationship between parenting and emotional maturity, analyzing theoretical perspectives, cultural influences, and empirical findings that reveal how parenting practices shape the emotional development of children and adolescents. The article also highlights the role of emotional maturity in building resilience across life stages and presents practical implications for parents, educators, and policymakers. By integrating developmental psychology, cross-cultural insights, and applied practices, this study underscores that parenting is not merely a private endeavor but a societal responsibility with profound implications for long-term well-being.

Keywords: Parenting, Physical Survival, Emotional Maturity, Psychology.

Page No: 68-75

Empowering Educators: Critical Perspectives on Teacher Training and Professional Growth

Author: Dr. Niladri Sekhar Dara

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080011

Abstract: Empowering educators is central to achieving sustainable improvements in education systems. This study critically examines teacher training and professional growth, exploring how continuous learning, reflective practices, and institutional support enhance teaching effectiveness. It highlights key challenges such as inadequate funding, policy-practice disconnects, and limited access to quality training, especially in rural and marginalized areas. The research emphasizes the importance of teacher well-being, leadership opportunities, and equitable access to professional development. Furthermore, it advocates for competencybased training models, strategic integration of technology, and supportive policies to address burnout and promote teacher retention. By analyzing these factors, the study offers a comprehensive framework for empowering educators and strengthening education systems. The findings aim to guide policymakers, institutions, and stakeholders in designing teacher development initiatives that prioritize innovation, equity, and sustainability, ultimately contributing to better student outcomes and a more inclusive educational landscape.

Keywords: Teacher Training, Professional Growth, Teacher Empowerment, Reflective Practice, Education Policy.

Page No: 76-82

Modernization: A Comprehensive Study of Theoretical Perspectives

Author: Pinaki Barmon & Dr. Chaman Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080012

Abstract: Modernization is a multifaceted social, economic, and political process that has profoundly transformed human societies. It signifies the transition from traditional, agrarian communities to industrialized, urbanized, and technologically advanced systems. Theorists have examined modernization through diverse lenses, producing models that explain its origins, pathways, and global implications. From classical sociological perspectives by Weber and Durkheim to mid-20th-century modernization theory, dependency frameworks, and world-systems analysis, modernization discourse has evolved in tandem with global transformations. Contemporary perspectives emphasize globalization, postcolonial critiques, and sustainability paradigms, reflecting the complexity of modernization in a multipolar, interconnected world. This paper offers a comprehensive study of these theoretical perspectives, tracing their historical development, examining their core assumptions, and evaluating their relevance in understanding contemporary modernization. It argues that modernization is not a linear or universal process but a dynamic and contested phenomenon shaped by cultural, historical, and geopolitical factors. By exploring both classical and modern approaches, this paper demonstrates that modernization theory remains vital for analyzing current challenges such as inequality, technological disruption, and environmental sustainability.

Keywords: Modernization Theory, Social Transformation, Globalization, Dependency Theory, Sustainability.

Page No: 83-89

Cultural Competence And Teacher Education: Building Bridges in Diverse Classrooms

Author: Dr. Sarbani Sinharay

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080013

Abstract: Cultural competence in teacher education has emerged as a critical framework for addressing the challenges of diversity in contemporary classrooms. With globalization, migration, and socio-economic transformations, classrooms increasingly reflect a multiplicity of cultural, linguistic, and social identities. Teachers must therefore be prepared to navigate complex cultural contexts while fostering inclusive and equitable learning environments. This paper critically examines the conceptual foundations of cultural competence, its theoretical underpinnings, and its practical implications for teacher education. Drawing upon global and Indian perspectives, the study highlights strategies for integrating cultural responsiveness into teacher preparation, emphasizing curriculum design, pedagogy, and reflective practice. It also addresses structural and institutional barriers, including policy–practice gaps, faculty preparedness, and systemic inequities that hinder effective implementation. Ultimately, the paper argues that cultivating cultural competence is essential for building bridges across differences, enhancing student engagement, promoting social justice, and preparing teachers as agents of inclusion in diverse educational settings.

Keywords: Cultural Competence, Teacher Education, Diversity, Inclusive Pedagogy, Social Justice, Reflective Practice.

Page No: 90-96

Socio-Economic Links between Literacy and Population in Bankura District, West Bengal, India

Author: Saroj Laha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080014

Abstract: The study had examined the spatial relationship between population distribution and literacy levels in Bankura district, West Bengal, India, using Census 2011 data and government statistics. Population density, literacy rate, and selected socio-economic indicators had been analysed through statistical correlation, thematic mapping, and spatial interpretation. The findings had indicated marked spatial variations in both population density and literacy, with higher values concentrated in urban and peri-urban blocks and lower values in the western and tribal-dominated areas. Gender disparities in literacy had persisted, though the gap had been narrower in urban areas. Statistical analysis had revealed a positive correlation (r = 0.68, p< 0.01) between population density and literacy rate, suggesting that densely populated areas had better access to educational facilities and socio-economic opportunities. Spatial mapping had highlighted the influence of economic activities, infrastructure, and social factors in shaping literacy patterns. The study had concluded that targeted policy interventions in low-density, disadvantaged areas were essential to achieve balanced educational development in the district.

Keywords: Population Distribution, Literacy Rate, Gender Gap, Spatial Analysis, Socio-Economic Factors, Bankura District, Census 2011.

Page No: 97-106

Ethics in Research and Academia

Author: Sudipta Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080015

Abstract: The role of ethics has gained increasing attention due to globalization, technological advancements, interdisciplinary collaborations and high-profile cases of misconduct. Universities, funding agencies and professional associations have therefore established clear ethical guidelines and codes of conduct to promote responsible research and training. In Indian context- ethics in research methodology is a crucial topic that ensures academic research upholds credibility, social value, legal integrity. Research ethics outlines the core values and standards that govern how research is planned, executed and reported. It defines the difference between right and wrong in research practice, promote accountability, fairness and transparency.

Keywords: Ethics, Moral Principles, Integrity, Honesty, Social Value, Stakeholders, Legal Integrity.

Page No: 107-113

Redefining Teaching and Learning: A Critical Study of Modern Pedagogical Approaches

Author: Uttam Kumar Jana & Dr. Chaman Singh

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080016

Abstract: The field of education is undergoing a dramatic transformation as teaching and learning are increasingly influenced by advancements in technology, shifts in societal needs, and evolving theories of cognition. Traditional, teacher-centered paradigms are progressively giving way to dynamic, student-centered pedagogical frameworks that emphasize critical thinking, creativity, and lifelong learning. This paper critically examines modern pedagogical approaches, tracing their philosophical foundations, theoretical frameworks, and practical applications. By analyzing constructivist learning theories, digital learning innovations, experiential and inquiry-based methods, and inclusive pedagogies, this article offers a comprehensive understanding of how contemporary education is redefining the roles of teachers and learners. Further, it explores the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for pedagogy in a rapidly globalizing world.

Keywords: Pedagogical Approaches, Philosophical Foundations, Theoretical Frameworks, And Practical Applications.

Page No: 114-121

Ethno-Medicinal Knowledge and Phytochemicals of Traditional Plants of Darjeeling and its Surroundings: A Biocultural Conservation Approach

Author: Vikash Nayek

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080017

Abstract: The present study was undertaken to document and analyze the ethno-medicinal plants traditionally used by indigenous communities in Darjeeling and its surrounding areas and to validate their therapeutic potential through phytochemical analysis. A total of 75 plant species belonging to 42 families were recorded through field surveys and interviews with 120 informants, including traditional healers and local elders. The most commonly used plant parts included leaves, roots, rhizomes, and bark, and the major ailments treated were gastrointestinal, respiratory, and skin disorders. Ethnobotanical indices such as Use Value (UV) and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) were calculated, revealing high consensus for several plants, notably Swertiachirayita and Ocimum sanctum. Phytochemical screening of 30 selected species confirmed the presence of key secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenols, which supported their traditional medicinal uses. The findings were found consistent with several national and global ethnopharmacological studies, while also highlighting region-specific practices and bioactive variations. The study emphasized the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge and advocated for further pharmacological investigations and conservation efforts. This integrated approach bridged traditional knowledge with scientific validation, contributing to sustainable use of medicinal plant resources in the Eastern Himalayas.

Keywords: Ethno-Medicinal Plants, Darjeeling, Phytochemical Screening, Traditional Knowledge, Use Value, Informant Consensus Factor, Himalayan Flora.

Page No: 122-132

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Wastewater from Industrial and Mining Areas of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Author: Sosti Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080018

Abstract: The present study had assessed the level of heavy metal contamination in wastewater collected from industrial and mining areas of Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India. Wastewater samples had been analyzed for concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) using standard analytical techniques. The results had revealed that most metal concentrations had exceeded the permissible limits prescribed by WHO (2017) and BIS (2012), particularly in regions located near coal washeries and mining dumps. Spatial variations in contamination had indicated the direct impact of anthropogenic activities such as coal processing, industrial discharges, and poor wastewater management. These findings had been consistent with global observations from industrial zones in countries like China, Ghana, and Brazil, suggesting a common environmental challenge. The study had highlighted the pressing need for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, including bioremediation, membrane filtration, and metal recovery systems. The research had served as a baseline for future environmental risk assessments and had called for stringent regulation, public awareness, and improved industrial accountability to ensure the protection of ecological and human health in the region.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Wastewater, Dhanbad, Industrial Pollution, Mining Contamination, Bioremediation, Environmental Risk.

Page No: 133-141

Navigating The Shift: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of NEP 2020’sImpact on Education in India

Author: Dr. Pabitra Kumar Hazra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080019

Abstract: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, introduced by the Government of India, marks a significant transformation in the education system. Designed to make Indian education more holistic, flexible, and aligned with contemporary global trends, NEP 2020 places a strong emphasis on multidisciplinary learning. This paper explores the impact of NEP 2020 on India’s education landscape through a multidisciplinary lens, analyzing its implications across various domains including pedagogy, curriculum design, higher education, technology integration, and socio-economic factors. This study argues that while NEP 2020 presents a progressive framework for educational reform, its successful implementation faces several challenges that must be addressed to fully realize its potential. NEP 2020’s emphasis on a multidisciplinary approach to education holds immense potential to transform India’s educational system by promoting holistic, flexible, and inclusive learning. This approach encourages students to move beyond traditional academic boundaries, fostering critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills that are essential in today’s interconnected world.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Multidisciplinary Learning, Pedagogy, Curriculum Design, Technology Integration.

Page No: 142-147

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Author: Dola Pahari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080020

Abstract: ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ā¤•⤏āĨā¤¯ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨā¤¤āĨ‡ā¤ƒ ⤜⤍āĨā¤Žā¤¨ā¤ƒ ā¤ā¤ĩ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤šāĨā¤¯ā¤Ē⤰āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĩ⤰⤪⤂ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤¯ā¤žā¤ƒ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤃ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ‚ā¤˛ā¤žā¤¨āĨā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤃ ⤇⤤ā¤ŋ ā¤‰ā¤šāĨā¤¯ā¤¤āĨ‡āĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤ĩāĨˆā¤œāĨā¤žā¤žā¤¨ā¤ŋ⤕āĨˆā¤ƒ ⤕āĨƒā¤¤āĨ‡ā¤¨ ā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤§ā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ā¤Ŗ ⤏āĨā¤Ē⤎āĨā¤Ÿā¤‚ ā¤œā¤žā¤¤ā¤‚ ⤝⤤āĨ ⤏ā¤ĒāĨā¤¤ā¤¤ā¤ƒ (āĨ­) ā¤Ļā¤ļā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤ļ⤤ (āĨ§āĨĻ%) ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤˛ā¤•ā¤žā¤¨ā¤žā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨ‚⤞⤭āĨ‚⤤ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤃ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤ž ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤¤ā¤žā¤ĻāĨƒā¤ļāĨ‡ā¤ˇāĨ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤˛ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤ˇāĨ ⤭āĨ‹ā¤œā¤¨ā¤¸āĨā¤¯, ⤍ā¤ŋā¤ĻāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤¯ā¤žā¤ƒ, ā¤Žā¤˛ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ⤚ ⤍ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤Žā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤¤ā¤ž ⤍ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ⤤āĨ‡ ā¤‰ā¤šāĨā¤›āĨƒā¤‚⤖⤞ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨā¤¤ā¤žā¤ƒ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤍āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ⤤ā¤Ĩā¤ž ⤚ ⤤āĨ‡ ā¤Ē⤰āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĩ⤰⤪⤏āĨā¤¯ ⤏⤰⤞ā¤ĩā¤žā¤¤ā¤žā¤°ā¤ŖāĨ‡ā¤¨ ⤅ā¤Ēā¤ŋ ⤅⤤āĨā¤¯ā¤¨āĨā¤¤ā¤‚ ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨā¤¤ā¤žā¤ƒ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤍āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤žā¤Šā¤°āĨā¤°, ⤕āĨ‹ā¤ĄāĨ‹ā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ÿ ⤤ā¤Ĩā¤ž ⤚ ⤕āĨ‡ā¤¨ ⤇⤤āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ā¤¤āĨˆā¤ƒ ā¤ĻāĨ€ā¤°āĨā¤˜ā¤•ā¤žā¤˛ā¤‚ ā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĩ⤤āĨ ⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨ā¤‚ ⤕āĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ž ⤜āĨā¤žā¤žā¤Ēā¤ŋ⤤⤂ ⤝⤤āĨ ā¤ā¤¤ā¤žā¤ĻāĨƒā¤ļāĨ‡ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤ŽāĨ‚⤞ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤝āĨā¤•āĨā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤˛ā¤•āĨ‡ ⤅⤍⤍āĨā¤•āĨ‚⤞ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤ƒ ⤅⤧ā¤ŋ⤕ā¤ļāĨ€ā¤˜āĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤¯ā¤ž ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤕⤏ā¤ŋ⤤⤃ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤Ģā¤ŋ⤏ (fish 1975) ⤤ā¤Ĩā¤ž ā¤ŽāĨ€ā¤˛āĨā¤š (Mealh 1978) ⤇⤤āĨā¤¯ā¤¨āĨ‡ā¤¨ ⤏āĨā¤ĩ-⤅⤧āĨā¤¯ā¤¯ā¤¨āĨ‡ā¤¨ ā¤†ā¤§ā¤žā¤°āĨ‡ā¤Ŗ ā¤ā¤¤ā¤¤āĨ ⤜āĨā¤žā¤žā¤Ēā¤ŋ⤤⤂ ⤝⤤āĨ ā¤ĻāĨ‹ā¤ˇā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤ŽāĨ‚⤞ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ⤃ ⤝ā¤Ĩā¤žā¤°āĨā¤ĨāĨ‡ā¤¨ ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤˛ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤ˇāĨ ⤭ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤎āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ ā¤œā¤žā¤¯ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤žā¤¨ā¤žā¤ŽāĨ ⤅⤍⤍āĨā¤•āĨ‚⤞ā¤ŋ⤤ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ā¤ā¤•ā¤‚ ā¤ŽāĨā¤–āĨā¤¯ā¤‚ ⤏āĨ‚ā¤šā¤•ā¤‚ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ā¤ā¤•⤏āĨā¤Žā¤ŋ⤍āĨ ā¤Žā¤¨āĨā¤ˇāĨā¤¯āĨ‡ ā¤Ŧā¤šā¤ĩ⤃ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤ƒ ⤏⤍āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ ⤝āĨ‡ā¤ˇā¤žā¤‚ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤Ŗā¤žā¤¤āĨ ⤤⤏āĨā¤¯ ⤅ā¤Ēā¤°ā¤žā¤§ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤ƒ ⤭ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤āĨā¤ŽāĨ ⤅⤰āĨā¤šā¤¤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ⤝⤏āĨā¤¯ ⤅⤕ā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤°ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ā¤ŦāĨā¤ĻāĨā¤§ā¤ŋ⤃ ⤍āĨā¤¯āĨ‚ā¤¨ā¤ƒ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋ, ⤏⤃ ā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨ ā¤ļā¤ŋ⤕āĨā¤ˇā¤žā¤‚ ⤍ ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ŋ ā¤…ā¤¤ā¤ƒ ⤤⤏āĨā¤¯ ⤅ā¤Ēā¤°ā¤žā¤§ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ā¤¸ā¤ŽāĨā¤­ā¤žā¤ĩā¤¨ā¤ž ⤅⤧ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤ž ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ⤅⤍āĨā¤¯āĨ‡ā¤ˇāĨ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤•āĨ‡ā¤ˇāĨ ⤆ā¤ĩāĨ‡ā¤—ā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤ƒ, ⤅⤍ā¤ŋ⤝⤂⤤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤žā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Žā¤•ā¤¤ā¤ž, ⤤āĨƒā¤ĒāĨā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤žā¤ĒāĨā¤¤āĨā¤¯ā¤°āĨā¤Ĩ⤂ ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤˛ā¤ŽāĨā¤Ŧ⤃ ⤚ ⤭ā¤ĩā¤ŋ⤤āĨā¤‚ ā¤ļ⤕āĨā¤¨āĨ‹ā¤¤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤕⤏āĨā¤ĩā¤žā¤¸āĨā¤ĨāĨā¤¯ā¤Žā¤Ēā¤ŋ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋā¤—ā¤¤ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤Ŗā¤žā¤‚ ā¤­ā¤žā¤—ā¤ƒ ⤭ā¤ĩ⤍āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤¸ā¤Žā¤žā¤œāĨ‡ ⤤⤏āĨā¤¯ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ⤕āĨƒā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤•āĨā¤¤āĨ‡ā¤ƒ ā¤Žā¤žā¤¨ā¤¸ā¤ŋ⤕ā¤Ļā¤ļā¤ž ⤅⤤āĨā¤¯ā¤¨āĨā¤¤ā¤‚ ā¤Žā¤šā¤¤āĨā¤¤āĨā¤ĩā¤ĒāĨ‚⤰āĨā¤Ŗā¤ž ⤭ā¤ĩ⤤ā¤ŋāĨ¤ ā¤ā¤ĩ⤂ ⤚ ā¤ā¤¤āĨ‡ ā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤•ā¤žā¤ƒ ⤕ā¤ŋā¤ļāĨ‹ā¤°ā¤¸āĨā¤¯ ā¤šā¤žā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤•ā¤žā¤°ā¤• ā¤ĩā¤ŋā¤¨ā¤žā¤ļā¤•ā¤žā¤°āĨ€-⤅ā¤ĩāĨˆā¤§ā¤•⤰āĨā¤Žā¤¸āĨ ⤏⤂⤞⤗āĨā¤¨ā¤¤ā¤žā¤¯ā¤žā¤‚ ⤝āĨ‹ā¤—ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¨ā¤‚ ā¤Ļā¤žā¤¤āĨā¤‚ ā¤ļ⤕āĨā¤¨āĨā¤ĩ⤍āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋāĨ¤

Keywords: ā¤Ŧā¤žā¤šāĨā¤¯ā¤Ē⤰āĨā¤¯ā¤žā¤ĩ⤰⤪, ā¤‰ā¤šāĨā¤›āĨƒā¤‚⤖⤞ā¤ĒāĨā¤°ā¤ĩāĨƒā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤ŋ,⤅⤍⤍āĨā¤•āĨ‚⤞ā¤ĩāĨā¤¯ā¤ĩā¤šā¤žā¤°ā¤ƒ, ⤏āĨ‚ā¤šā¤•ā¤ŽāĨ,⤅⤍ā¤ŋ⤝⤂⤤āĨā¤°ā¤ŋā¤¤ā¤žā¤•āĨā¤°ā¤žā¤Žā¤•ā¤¤ā¤žāĨ¤

Page No: 148-153

āϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻļāĻ‚āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ ‘āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¨ā§€â€™ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§‡āϰ ‘āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ—ā§ˆāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•â€™ : āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŽāύāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ

Author: Bandana Sautya & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080021

Abstract: āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻļāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϞāĻžāĻŦāĻĻāϞ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϰāϚāĻŋāϤ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧋āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤ āωāϭ⧟ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āχ āϞ⧇āĻ–āĻ•āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧟ (āϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻļāĻ‚āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ) āĻ–ā§‹āρ⧜āĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ– āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŋāϖ⧁ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϤ āύāĻžāĻŽāĻ• āĻĻ⧁āϜāύ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§€ā§Ÿ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāχ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻž, āϝ⧌āύāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻŋāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ ‘āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāĻ¨ā§€â€™ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇ āĻ–ā§‹āρ⧜āĻž āĻļ⧇āϖ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āφāϏāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧀ āĻœā§‹āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āĻ•āĻžāϰ āψāĻ°ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāϰāĻžā§ŸāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻļ⧁āϰ āϏāĻšāϜāĻžāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇, ‘āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ—ā§ˆāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•â€™ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāϖ⧁ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āϤāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āϝ⧌āύ āĻ•ā§āώ⧁āϧāĻž āĻŽā§‡āϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āϖ⧁āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ­ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻ…āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž, āϝ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻ†ā§œāĻžāϞ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϜāĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āωāϭ⧟ āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ•āĻžāϰāχ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦ āĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āφāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āωāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‹āϚāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ—āϤ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords: āϤāĻžāϰāĻžāĻļāĻ™ā§āĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϝ⧋āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āĻŋāύ⧀, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ—ā§ˆāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ•, āφāĻĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ–ā§‹āρ⧜āĻž āĻļ⧇āĻ–, āĻ­āĻŋāϖ⧁ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϤ, āϝ⧌āύāϤāĻž, āĻŽāύ⧋āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ, āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖā§€

Page No: 154-160

āϊāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāϰ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻ™-āĻāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŦ : āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻžāύ

Author: Minati Sau Bhaumik & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080022

Abstract: āωāύāĻŋāĻļ āĻļāϤāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϧ⧇, āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€, āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϕ⧂āϞ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻļāĻšāϰāϟāĻŋ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧇ āϜāύāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āϘāĻŸā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻšāĻžāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧌āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧈āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāϧāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϚāϟ⧁āϞ āύ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϝ, āϏāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻ—āĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻšāϏāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āύāĻžāϟāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ…āĻļā§āϞ⧀āϞ āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĻāύ (āϏāĻ™) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ ‘āĻļāϖ⧇āϰ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž’āϰ āωāĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āϘāĻŸā§‡, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻļāχ āϐāϤāĻŋāĻšā§āϝāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§€ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤ āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāύāĻž ‘āύāϞ-āĻĻāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧀’āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧌āϰāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻšāĻŋāύ⧀āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϤāĻŦ⧁āĻ“ āϏ⧇āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ—āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ­ā§€āĻ°ā§āϝ āϕ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋ-āĻ—āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϜāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤ⧁āĻšā§āĻ› āĻļ⧈āϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āφāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ ‘āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ’-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§‹āĻ¤ā§āϤ⧇āϜāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻžāĻžā§āϚāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇, āϝāĻž āϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§‹āϧāϕ⧇ āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϰāĻžāĻŽāϚāĻžāρāĻĻ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ ‘āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ’-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāύāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ ‘āύāϤ⧁āύ āϧāϰāĻŖâ€™ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻ‚āϏāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇, āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύāĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻāϰ āύāĻžāĻŸā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϤ⧇ āύāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϧ-āφāĻ–āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāχ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āωāĻšā§āϚāϤāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤ, āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāϞāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§€āϰ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—ā§€āϤ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇ āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧈āϞ⧀ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

Keywords: āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž, āϏāĻ™, āϏāϖ⧇āϰ āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž, āϊāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ‚āĻļ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§€āϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•āĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāύāϰ⧁āϚāĻŋ, āϰ⧁āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ, āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧋āĻ—āϤāĻŋ, āύāĻŦāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧁, āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧁āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāϰ

Page No: 161-170

Translating Formative Assessment into Classroom Practice: The Challenge ofImplementation

Author: Dr. Sheetal Verma

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080023

Abstract:

Formative assessment has emerged as a vital component of effective teaching and learning, offering dynamic opportunities for teachers to monitor student progress, adapt instruction, and engage learners in a more personalized educational journey. Unlike summative assessments that merely evaluate learning at the end of a unit or term, formative assessment is integrated into the learning process itself, promoting a deeper understanding of content and fostering self-regulated learning. Despite growing awareness of its pedagogical value, the practical implementation of formative assessment in classroom settings presents numerous challenges.This paper explores the core barriers to translating formative assessment into routine
classroom practice, particularly within diverse and resource-constrained educational contexts. Key challenges identified include a lack of teacher training and conceptual clarity, limited time and space within rigid curriculum structures, and a school culture heavily skewed toward summative assessment and highstakes examinations. Additionally, teachers often face difficulties in designing meaningful assessment tasks, interpreting student data effectively, and providing timely, constructive feedback. These constraints are compounded by systemic issues such as inadequate professional development programs, minimal institutional support, and insufficient policy alignment at the school and district levels.The study also highlights successful examples of formative assessment integration from select schools and regions, identifying the conditions that enabled their effectiveness—such as strong leadership, collaborative teaching
practices, supportive assessment policies, and sustained professional learning communities. Drawing upon these findings, the paper proposes actionable recommendations for educators, school administrators, and policymakers to bridge the policy-practice gap. These include targeted teacher training modules, flexible curriculum designs, and culturally responsive assessment tools that respect local classroom realities.Ultimately, the paper argues that the successful implementation of formative assessment is not merely a matter of teacher will, but of systemic restructuring and sustained support. To realize the full potential of formative assessment, educational systems must embrace a holistic approach that prioritizes
continuous learning, reflective teaching, and student empowerment.

Keywords: Formative Assessment, Classroom Practice, Teacher Professional Development, Policy-Practice Gap, Educational Reform, Student-Centred Learning, Instructional Strategies.

Page No: 171-180

Contested Autonomy: Prostitution, Emotional Independence, and Male Contemplation in El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero

Author: Achal Shaw & Surapati Pramanik

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080024

Abstract:

For centuries, the degradation of women and prostitution have been one of the major serious problems within the patriarchal society. In her novel Woman at Point Zero, Egyptian feminist writer Nawal El Saadawi offers a profound critique of patriarchal and economic oppression. The novel Woman at Point Zero is based on Nawal El Saadawi’s encounter with Firdaus, a female prisoner awaiting execution for murder in Qanatir Prison, whom El Saadawi met while conducting research on neurosis among Egyptian women for her study Women and Neurosis in Egypt.

The story of Firdaus shows the plight of a woman – talking about the importance of financial independence as a way to control one’s own life. El Saadawi poignantly talks about the theme of sexual assault and the world of prostitution from a middle – East common woman’s perspective.

The study utilizes the document based analytical method for conducting the research.

There is no doubt that El Saadawi aptly presents the significance of a woman’s independent life, mainly the role of financial independence, but it is too important to be emotionally independent at the same time. By using masculinist perspective in gynocriticism, this study seeks the answer of the question – how prostitution seems to be a downtrodden profession but, has similar meaning for any employer who works in different sectors.

The study presents how choosing prostitution as a means of financial independence does not merely reflect the plight of a wretched woman, but also in deep, is a revolt and revenge against patriarchal norms which shapes a woman within the stereotypes. Every human being is a prostitute as we all use our body to work and earn just the way prostitutes use their bodies in exchange for money. There exists no direct reflection of queer desire in the novel, but a critical examination reveals subtle narratives of queer possibility that emerge as forms of resistance against oppression.

Therefore, from Nawal’s Firdaus character, the study examines queer possibility and discusses how the profession of prostitution is seen from a male perspective; how it becomes a need of respect and also a state of degraded world for women. Also, the study discusses the significance of emotional independence of a woman, which is as important as her financial independence. For every woman the relation with the outside world is completely transactional. The future direction of research is also provided.

Keywords: Emancipation, Emotional Independence, Gender, Nawal El Saadawi, Prostitution, Queer, Sexuality.

Page No: 181-191

āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ

Author: āϏ⧁āϖ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϞ

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080025

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ): āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āϤ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāύ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž, āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ, āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻšā§āϝ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻžāϧāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāϝ⧋āĻ— āϕ⧋āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāϰ⧇ āĻāϏ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻĻ⧈āύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ–āύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āωāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧀āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ-āύāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻĨ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāϞāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϞāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻĻāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ˜ā§‹āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϘ⧁āϰāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻ§ā§āϰ⧁āĻŦāĻ•āĨ¤

āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϠ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧈āĻ°ā§āĻ˜ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ āĻļ⧇āϖ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ  āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻž āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§‚āϰāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϚāĻžāώāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžā§āϜāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ āϏ⧇āĻ“ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰ, āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĻāύ, āφāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāϚāĻžāϰāχ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āωāϠ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻœā§āϝāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ āφāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āϕ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻŸā§‡ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§‹āĻ•āĻžāύ āϏāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦā§€āϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻžāĻŖāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Keywords(āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ—āĻŖāĻŋāϤ, āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻž, āϏ⧁-āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻĨ, āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āϚāĻ°ā§āϚāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 192-196

Anthropogenic Pressure and Their Effects on Coastal Plant Diversity: A Study of Purba Medinipur and Balasore Coastal Areas

Author: Swapan Kumar Sahoo & Dr. Vijay Kumar Gonekar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080026

Abstract: Coastal ecosystems of Purba Medinipur and Balasore exhibit high ecological sensitivity, yet increasing anthropogenic pressure has accelerated the degradation of native plant communities. The present study analyses the extent to which activities such as tourism expansion, fishing and aquaculture intensification, settlement growth, and land-use modification contribute to shifts in coastal vegetation structure and species composition. Results indicate a marked decline in dune-stabilizing and salt-tolerant flora, accompanied by habitat fragmentation and reduced regenerative capacity. The study underscores the need for integrated coastal zone management and conservation-oriented interventions to safeguard plant diversity in these ecologically fragile coastal environments.

Keywords: Floristic Diversity, Coastal Vegetation, Anthropogenic Impact, Land-Use Change.

Page No: 197-202

āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ“ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ: āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž

Author: āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāύāĻŦ āĻĒā§‹āĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080027

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ“āϤāĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧāĻĻ⧇āϰāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻž āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§āϰ⧀āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§ŽāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€ āĻ…āĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻž āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨāĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāĻž āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻž-āĻŽāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒ⧌āρāϛ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻāĻ—ā§‹āϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĻāϞāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϖ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ , āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāϕ⧇āϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧁-āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŦ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻŦāĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āχ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ˜ā§‡āϰāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āϕ⧂āϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āϝāĻžāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āϗ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āϤāĻž āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϞ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϕ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦā§‹āĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻ–āĻžāύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻĒ⧃āĻĨāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āφāϏ⧇ āϝ⧇āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āϭ⧌āĻ—āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϞ āĻāϰ āύāĻžāύāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ—ā§‹āϚāϰ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāύ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϕ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāϞāĻ• āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āϏāϚāϞ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁ āĻāĻ—āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāϏāϞāĨ¤

Keywords(āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ, āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāϪ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ, āϭ⧌āĻ—ā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞāĨ¤

Page No: 203-206

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž

Author: Sabnam Farha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080028

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž (Inclusive Education) āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϏāĻ•āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻ•ā§‡â€”āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āĻ°â€”āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝāĻšā§€āύ āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāύ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ•, āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŦ⧃āĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϞāĻžāϭ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāϝāĻŧ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻŋāϧ āϚāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāχ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āχ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āφāϚāϰāĻŖ, āφāĻŦ⧇āĻ—ā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤāϏāĻš āĻŦāĻšā§ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āφāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻ–āύ⧋ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāĨ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧁āϞāϤāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ, āĻ…āύāĻŽāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ“ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšâ€”āĻāχ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻ•āϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ• āĻ“ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ•āϰāĻŖā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧀ āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

Page No: 207-212

āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻž

Author: Partha Gorai

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080029

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ):

āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ (Sustainable Development) āφāϜ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āϘ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŋāϤ ⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§Ģ āϏāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž (SDGs) āϜāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ, āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻž, āĻ–āϰāĻž, āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϏ⧁āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ-āϰ⧂āĻĒāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϏāĻŦ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ, āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ, āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŦ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧁, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļ⧈āĻļāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ•ā§ˆāĻļā§‹āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻž-āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ-āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āχāϕ⧋-āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāĻŦ, āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻœā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āϜāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ, āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāϏ āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§‡â€“āĻ•āϞāĻŽā§‡ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœâ€“āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āχāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻž-āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ, āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹, āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āϞ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ, āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋ-āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻ•, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ•, āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻāĻ•āĻžāĻĄā§‡āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻāϞāĻŋāϞ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords(āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ-āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĨ¤

Page No: 213-220

āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž: āĻāϏāĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ

Author: Mahadeb Nandi

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080030

Abstract(āϏāĻžāϰāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻĒ): āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš (Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs) āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ•, āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāσāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻ“ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž; āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ, āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžâ€“āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻž āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāϕ⧇ āϏ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇āĨ¤ āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āϝāĻĨā§‹āĻĒāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϜāύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ, āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋ, āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āύāĻ—āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ—āϏāĻŦāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāϠ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ“āϠ⧇ āĻŦ⧈āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāύ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ• āύāĻžāĻ—āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜ, āϝāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž, āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ, āϜāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ­ā§‹āĻ—â€“āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖâ€“āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ, SDG-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāϤ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ—āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻžāĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ•â€“āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āφāϞ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻ—āϤ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āϘāĻžāϟāϤāĻŋ, āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāϏāĻš āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ AI, IoT, āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ…āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϝ āĻ•ā§ƒāώāĻŋ, āύāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϟ āύāĻ—āϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āϏāĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇, SDG āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ“ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻ­ā§āϝāϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤

Keywords(āϏ⧂āϚāĻ• āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ): āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ (SDGs), āφāϚāϰāĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ, āϜāϞāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāϝ⧋āϜāύ, āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĨ¤

Page No: 221-227

Academic Motivation and Emotional Maturity: A Study of Scheduled Caste Girls in Primary Schools of Muzaffarpur

Author: Amrita Kumari

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080031

Abstract: Emotional maturity plays a crucial role in shaping students’ academic motivation and overall learning experience, particularly among marginalized communities. This study explores the relationship between academic motivation and emotional maturity among Scheduled Caste (SC) girls in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar primary schools. Given the socio-economic challenges faced by these students, understanding their emotional resilience and motivation levels is essential for designing effective educational interventions.The study employs a quantitative survey method, using standardized tools such as Dr. Karuna Shankar Mishra’s Academic Motivation Scale (1989) and Romapal’s Emotional Maturity Scale to assess the emotional and academic dimensions of learning. A sample of 600 SC girls from various government and private primary schools was selected through a random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing to determine the significance of the relationship between emotional maturity and academic motivation.Findings indicate a positive correlation between emotional maturity and academic motivation, suggesting that emotionally stable students are more engaged, resilient, and motivated to perform better in their studies. The study further highlights the influence of family environment, peer interactions, and school infrastructure on students’ emotional well-being and learning outcomes. Policy recommendations include strengthening emotional support systems in schools, integrating social-emotional learning (SEL) programs, and enhancing teacher training to address the unique needs of SC girls.This research contributes to the existing literature on inclusive education and social-emotional development, offering insights for educators, policymakers, and community stakeholders to improve educational access and quality for SC girls at the primary level.

Keywords: Emotional Maturity, Academic Motivation, Scheduled Caste Girls, Primary Education, Muzaffarpur, Socio-Emotional Learning, Inclusive Education, Educational Disparities, Student Engagement, Bihar.

Page No: 228-235

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and the Ideological Foundations of Indian Nationalism: A Discourse of Bande Mataram

Author: Dr. Shyamal Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03080032

Abstract: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) occupies a foundational position in the intellectual genealogy of modern Indian nationalism. Among his most enduring interventions, Bande Mataram—originally composed within the novel Anandamath (1882)—emerged as both a literary artefact and a political idiom that shaped nationalist imagination, mobilization, and symbolic politics. This paper examines how Bande Mataram contributed to the ideological foundations of Indian nationalism by producing a culturally resonant language of nationhood rooted in affect, devotion, sacrifice, and moral community. Drawing on textual analysis and historical contextualization, the study argues that Bankim’s nationalist discourse fused cultural revivalism with a proto-political nationalism that framed the nation as a sacred motherland, enabling the translation of civilizational identity into political consciousness. The paper situates Bankim within nineteenth-century Bengal’s reformist and revivalist milieu, exploring how colonial modernity, print culture, and Hindu cultural symbolism interacted in constructing nationalist rhetoric. It further traces the transformation of Bande Mataram from a literary hymn into a mass slogan during the Swadeshi movement (1905–1908), demonstrating its capacity to unify resistance while also generating contestations around religious imagery and inclusivity. The paper concludes that Bande Mataram was not merely a song but a conceptual tool that produced a moral-aesthetic framework for nationalism, shaping both political communication and national identity formation, while revealing tensions intrinsic to cultural nationalism in a plural society.

Keywords: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay; Bande Mataram; Indian Nationalism; Anandamath; Cultural Nationalism; Swadeshi Movement; Colonial Bengal.

Page No: 236-240