Current Issue

Year 2026 - March| Volume -4 | Issue -3

A Study on Role of ICT in Education

Author: Sanjoy Halder

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030001

Abstract: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly transformed modern education by enhancing teaching, learning, and administrative processes. ICT tools such as computers, internet resources, learning management systems, and digital media facilitate interactive and student-centered learning environments. The integration of ICT in education improves access to information, promotes collaborative learning, and supports flexible learning opportunities. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, digital divide, lack of teacher training, and limited policy implementation hinder its effective use. This study examines the role of ICT in education, highlighting its significance, reviewing existing literature, and analyzing its impact on teaching and learning while suggesting policy measures for effective implementation.

Keywords: ICT, Digital Learning, Educational Technology, E-Learning, Teaching Innovation.

Page No: 1-6

Girls’ Education among Tribal Communities in Jungle Mahal Region of West Bengal

Author: Mamoni Khamrai

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030002

Abstract: Education of tribal girls plays a crucial role in promoting gender equality, social empowerment, and sustainable development. Despite several government initiatives, tribal girls in the Jungle Mahal region of West Bengal continue to face multiple barriers in accessing education. These barriers include poverty, early marriage, cultural constraints, and inadequate educational infrastructure. The present paper examines the status of girls’ education among tribal communities in the Jungle Mahal region covering districts such as Paschim Medinipur, Jhargram, Bankura, and Purulia. The study explores educational challenges, gender disparities, and socio-economic factors affecting tribal girls’ education and suggests policy measures to enhance educational participation and empowerment.

Keywords: Tribal Girls’ Education, Gender Inequality, Jungle Mahal, Educational Access, Women Empowerment.

Page No: 7-11

Impact of Social Welfare Schemes and Self-Help Groups on Women Empowerment: A Case Study of Murshidabad District, West Bengal

Author: Arfi Anjoon

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030003

Abstract: Women empowerment is a crucial factor for achieving gender equality and socio-economic development, particularly in rural and economically backward regions. In Murshidabad district of West Bengal, social welfare schemes and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have played a significant role in enhancing women’s socioeconomic status. This study examines the impact of social welfare schemes and SHGs on women empowerment in Murshidabad district. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology using thematic analysis of secondary data from government reports, census data, and academic literature. The findings indicate that SHGs and welfare schemes such as Anandadhara, Kanyashree Prakalpa, and skill development programs have improved women’s financial independence, educational participation, and social status. However, challenges such as poverty, gender discrimination, and limited employment opportunities persist. The study concludes that social welfare schemes and SHGs are effective tools for empowerment. Strengthening policy implementation, expanding financial inclusion, and promoting education can further enhance women empowerment in Murshidabad district.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Self-Help Groups, Social Welfare Schemes, Murshidabad, Financial Inclusion, Gender Equality.

Page No: 12-16

āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿāύ

Author: Debashruti Samanta

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030004

Abstract: āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ (ā§§ā§ŠāĻļ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ā§§ā§ŽāĻļ āĻļāϤāĻ•) āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ­āĻžāώāĻžāϰ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ•āĻžāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ, āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āφāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§‹āϞāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§ƒāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĒā§āϰāϏ⧂āϤ āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāχ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϏ⧇āχ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāĻŦāϞ⧀ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻĢāϞāύāĨ¤ āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ, āĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ, āϚāϰāĻŋāϤāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻ—āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ, āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϚāĻŖā§āĻĄā§€āĻĻāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŖā§āĻĄā§€āĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞ, āĻŽāĻžāϧāĻŦāĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āϪ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻˇā§āĻŖāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϚ⧈āϤāĻ¨ā§āϝāϚāϰāĻŋāϤāĻžāĻŽā§ƒāϤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻ– āϰāϚāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻāχ āφāĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύāϏāĻŽā§‚āĻš āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āφāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšā§‡āϤāύāϤāĻž, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻļ⧃āĻ™ā§āĻ–āϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords: āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ—ā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āϧāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§€āϝāĻŧ āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž, āĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ, āĻŽāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϞāĻ•āĻžāĻŦā§āϝāĨ¤

Page No: 17-23

Study of Anxiety and Self-Efficacy among Science and Arts Stream Higher Secondary Level Students

Author: Sumana Satpati

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030005

Abstract: The present qualitative study explores the relationship between anxiety and self-efficacy among higher secondary students of Science and Arts streams. Anxiety is a crucial psychological factor influencing academic performance, while self-efficacy reflects students’ belief in their capabilities. The study aims to understand differences between streams and the interrelationship of these variables. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and document analysis from selected students. Thematic analysis revealed that Science students experience higher academic anxiety due to performance pressure, whereas Arts students exhibit relatively lower anxiety but varying levels of self-confidence. A strong inverse relationship between anxiety and self-efficacy was observed, indicating that higher self-efficacy reduces anxiety levels. The study highlights the importance of psychological support and pedagogical interventions to enhance student well-being and academic success.

Keywords: Anxiety, Self-efficacy, Higher Secondary Students, Science Stream, Arts Stream, AcademicStress.

Page No: 24-30

The Representation of Marginalized Voices in Dalit Literature: A Study of Jhootan

Author: Md Barkat Sk

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030006

Abstract: Dalit literature, emerging from centuries of social and caste-based oppression in India, serves as a medium for articulating the voices of historically marginalized communities. It functions not merely as a literary endeavor but as a political and social intervention, confronting hierarchies of power and systemic inequities. This study focuses on the novel Jhootan, examining how it foregrounds the experiences of Dalit communities while challenging structures of caste, class, and patriarchy. By analyzing characterization, narrative strategies, thematic preoccupations, and linguistic choices, the study explores the ways in which Dalit literature constructs counter-narratives, preserves collective memory, and asserts agency for subaltern voices. The novel also highlights intersections of gender, labor, and socio-economic marginalization, reflecting broader societal injustices. Situating Jhootan within the continuum of Dalit literary discourse, this research underscores its role in shaping contemporary understandings of caste, identity, and social justice.

Keywords: Dalit Literature, Marginalization, Caste, Subaltern Voices, Jhootan, Identity, Resistance, Social Justice.

Page No: 31-35

Use of Multimedia and Digital Platforms for Enhancing Reading and Writing Competency among Upper Primary School Children

Author: Arpita Dey Hazra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030007

Abstract: The use of multimedia and digital platforms has become increasingly important in improving teaching and learning at the school level. This study focuses on understanding how multimedia tools and digital platforms help in enhancing reading and writing competency among upper primary school children. At this stage of education, students are expected to develop strong reading comprehension and writing abilities to support learning in all subjects. However, many students face difficulties due to limited exposure to engaging learning materials and traditional teaching methods that do not always meet their learning needs.Multimedia tools such as educational videos, animated stories, audio recordings, digital storybooks, and interactive presentations make language learning more interesting and meaningful. These tools support reading skills by combining text with images and sound, which helps students understand content more clearly. Digital platforms such as learning applications, online worksheets, and writing tools encourage students to practice writing regularly. Features like easy editing, spelling support, and guided writing activities help students improve sentence formation, organization of ideas, and overall writing confidence.The study is based on secondary data collected from books, research articles, educational reports, and previous studies related to multimedia learning and digital education. The review of literature shows that students who are exposed to multimedia-based learning demonstrate better reading interest, improved comprehension, and greater willingness to engage in writing activities. Digital platforms also promote self-paced learning and active participation, which are especially helpful for slow learners.The study concludes that multimedia and digital platforms play a supportive and effective role in improving reading and writing competency among upper primary school children. Proper selection of digital content, teacher guidance, and availability of basic digital infrastructure are essential for successful implementation. The study highlights the importance of integrating multimedia-based learning strategies into regular classroom teaching to improve the quality of language education.

Keywords: Multimedia Learning, Digital Platforms, Reading Competency, Writing Competency, Upper Primary School Children, Language Learning.

Page No: 36-42

Bridging Global Knowledge and Indigenous Wisdom: Reimagining Education for Viksit Bharat

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030008

Abstract: The vision of Viksit Bharat emphasizes a transformative education system that harmonizes global knowledge with indigenous wisdom. This qualitative study explores how language, culture, and traditional knowledge systems can be integrated into modern education. Using document analysis and thematic interpretation, the study highlights the need for culturally responsive pedagogy and curriculum reform. The findings suggest that integrating indigenous epistemologies enhances inclusivity, sustainability, and national identity while maintaining global competitiveness.

Keywords: Viksit Bharat, Indigenous Knowledge, Global Knowledge, Educational Transformation, Culture, Language.

Page No: 43-49

The Role of Mobile Learning Apps in Fostering Active Participation in Classrooms

Author: Indumoti Bhattacharya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030009

Abstract: Mobile learning apps have transformed educational environments by fostering active participation among students in classrooms. The methodology of this study employs content analysis to systematically examine a wide range of mobile learning applications, scholarly articles, and educational resources related to the use of mobile apps in learning environments. These apps offer interactive features such as real-time feedback, gamification, and collaborative tools that engage learners more deeply than traditional methods. By supporting diverse learning styles and promoting peer interaction, mobile learning apps enhance motivation, critical thinking, and knowledge retention. However, challenges including digital equity, distraction, and ethical concerns must be addressed for optimal integration. This study explores how mobile learning apps contribute to active student engagement and collaborative learning, offering insights for educators and policymakers to effectively incorporate these technologies in teaching practices.

Keywords: Mobile Learning Apps, Active Participation, Student Engagement, Collaborative Learning, Educational Technology, Interactive Learning, Classroom Innovation.

Page No: 50-59

Nomophobia And Its Impact on Academic Performance Among Students

Author: Kartick Chandra Mandal, Dr. Gopa Saha Roy & Dr. Chandan Adhikary

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030010

Abstract: Nomophobia, characterized as fear or anxiety of being without a mobile phone, is a new topic worrying many students and educators, as it might influence student performance and well-being. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of nomophobia on the academic performance of students based on quantitative research method. A sample of 200 students was taken and standardized instruments were employed to evaluate the levels of nomophobia and academic performance. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyze the data. Results showed that most of the students had average to high level of nomophobia and the majority of students in the sample had low to average academic performance. A significant negative correlation was observed between nomophobia and academic performance (r = −0.62, p < 0.01). Regression analysis also demonstrated that nomophobia is a significant predictor of academic performance and accounted for 38% variance (R² = 0.38). The results imply that the higher the mobile phone dependency, the lesser is the concentration level, the poorer the time management and the poorer the academic performance. The study concludes that nomophobia predicts academic performance of students; hence, it is pivotal for educators to advocate responsible mobile phone usage and digital well-being for students.

Keywords: Academic Performance, Concentration, Digital Well-Being, Mobile Phone Dependence, Nomophobia, Time Management.

Page No: 60-69

Identity, Labour, and the Body in Dalit Feminist Texts

Author: Soma Jash

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030011

Abstract: The interwoven themes of identity, labour, and the body as places of oppression and resistance are examined in this article’s analysis of Dalit feminist literature. The daily realities of caste-based marginalization exacerbated by patriarchal structures are highlighted in Dalit women’s narratives, particularly in autobiographical works and literary testimony. This study shows how these texts reclaim agency by redefining selfhood, narrating labour beyond economic categories, and representing embodied experiences of violence and resistance. It does this by analysing a selection of works by Dalit women writers alongside feminist and intersectional theoretical frameworks. The results show that Dalit feminist narratives are important venues of embodied knowledge production and socio-political critique that subvert both Dalit and mainstream feminist discourses.

Keywords: Examined, Feminist, Labour, Women, Violence, Autobiographical.

Page No: 70-78

Nickel Contamination in Rivers and Its Effects on Fish Population Dynamics

Author: Pralay Mahapatra, Dr. Aashi Dixit & Sanjay Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030012

Abstract: Nickel (Ni) contamination in riverine ecosystems has emerged as a significant environmental concern due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and anthropogenic activities. As a heavy metal, nickel persists in aquatic environments and poses serious risks to aquatic organisms, particularly fish, which are highly sensitive to water quality changes. This research article examines the sources, distribution, bioavailability, and ecological consequences of nickel contamination in rivers, with a specific focus on its effects on fish population dynamics. The study synthesizes findings from experimental, field-based, and laboratory research to explore how nickel exposure affects fish physiology, behavior, reproduction, growth, and survival rates. Additionally, it highlights bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes that disrupt aquatic food chains. The article also discusses alterations in species diversity, population structure, and ecosystem stability due to prolonged nickel exposure. Special emphasis is placed on the Indian context, where industrial effluents and agricultural runoff contribute significantly to river pollution. The study concludes by recommending sustainable management strategies, regulatory frameworks, and remediation techniques to mitigate nickel toxicity and preserve aquatic biodiversity.

Keywords: Nickel Contamination, Fish Population Dynamics, Bioaccumulation, Aquatic Toxicity, River Pollution.

Page No: 79-84

Metacognitive Awareness of Higher Secondary Students in Relation to Their Academic Achievement

Author: Ruma Manna

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030013

Abstract: Metacognitive awareness plays a crucial role in enhancing students’ learning processes and academic success. The present study investigates the relationship between metacognitive awareness and academic achievement among higher secondary students. Metacognition, often described as “thinking about thinking,” involves two major components: knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition. These components enable learners to plan, monitor, and evaluate their learning strategies effectively.

The study adopts a quantitative research design, focusing on a sample of higher secondary students selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Standardized tools were used to measure students’ levels of metacognitive awareness, while academic achievement was assessed through their examination scores. Statistical techniques such as correlation analysis and comparative tests were employed to examine the nature and strength of the relationship between the variables.

Keywords: Metacognitive Awareness, Academic Achievement, Higher Secondary Students, Self-Regulated Learning, Cognition, Learning Strategies, Educational Psychology.

Page No: 85-94

Education of Third Gender in India: Problems And Suggestions

Author: Soma Pal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030014

Abstract: Our nation celebrates its rich cultural diversity and is noted for ‘Unity in Diversity’. Yet, behind this lies a troubling reality of gender inequality. While all gender are legally respected, societal behaviour towards third gender individuals remain biased. Despite recognition, third gender people struggle for peace and harmony in our present day. Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development. Education enhanced peoples understanding of themselves In world. It promotes the quality of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Everyone has a gender identity, nowadays in India there are three genders; Male, Female and Third gender. Individuals who challenge conventional binary gender concepts and whose gender identity, behaviour does not follow to their biological sex are sometimes referred to as third gender. The main objectives of this paper are to focus on problems face by third gender to learn education and provide suggestions for their educational status.

Keywords: Education, Third Gender, Challenge, Suggestions, Promotes.

Page No: 95-99

āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžā§Ÿāύ: āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ (āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻœā§‡āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϏāĻš)

Author: Zinnat Sultana

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030015

Abstract: āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ, āϝāĻž āĻ•āĻ ā§‹āϰ āφāχāύāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύ⧀ āϜāύāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻŖāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϤ āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ— āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻļāĻŋāĻĒ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ— ‘āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻļā§āĻ°ā§€â€™ āĻ“ ‘āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻļā§āĻ°ā§€â€™-āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ  āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϪ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ (Conditional Cash Transfer) āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻžāϞāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϞ⧇āĻ“, āϰāĻžāĻœā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ–āύāĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ—āϜāύāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤

āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻœā§‡āϞāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ (Case Study) āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇ āϝ⧇, āĻĒāĻŋāϤ⧃āϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž, āϚāϰāĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āϝ, āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻāϞāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§€āύāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšāϕ⧇ āϟāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϜāĻžāϤ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§€āĻ•ā§āώāĻž-ā§Ģ (NFHS-5) āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€, āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ ā§Ģā§Ģ.ā§Ē%, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ• āĻŦ⧈āĻĒāϰ⧀āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ ‘āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āφāύ⧁āĻ—āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯â€™ (Strategic Compliance) āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϗ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĻāĻžāύ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāĻļāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāϏ ā§§ā§Ž āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“, āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻĻ⧇āϰ āωāĻšā§āϚāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āύāĻĨāĻŋāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϜāĻžāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĻāĻĒā§āϤāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāϤāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāϟāĻŋ ‘āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•â€™ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ ‘āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϤāĻž-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•â€™ āĻŽāĻĄā§‡āϞ⧇ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻŖ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ—āϰāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āύāϜāϰāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ⧇, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‚āϞ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŖā§‹āĻĻāύāĻž āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āφāĻŽā§‚āϞ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤

Keywords: āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻļā§āϰ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ, āĻĒāĻļā§āϚāĻŋāĻŽāĻŦāĻ™ā§āĻ—, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāϰāĻžā§Ÿ, āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžā§Ÿāύ, āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžā§Ÿāύ, āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āϕ⧇āϏ āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĨ¤

Page No: 100-112

āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϰāĻŖā§āϝ āφāχāύ āĻ“ āϜāύāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš: āϏāĻžāρāĻ“āϤāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ 

Author: Sk Md Asique

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030016

Abstract: āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āϰāĻŖā§āϝ āφāχāύ āĻŦāύāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϟāĻŋāĻļ āϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤ Indian Forest Acts (ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ģ, ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ž, ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ļ) āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϜāύāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻļāχ āωāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āϝāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻĻā§āϝ, āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧇āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻāχ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āϏāĻžāρāĻ“āϤāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš (ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ģ–ā§Ģā§Ŧ) āĻ“ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš (ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§¯â€“ā§§ā§¯ā§Ļā§Ļ) āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āύāϝāĻŧ, āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻŦāύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇, āĻŦāύ, āϜāύāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻžāϏāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§‹āώāĻŖ, āĻ…āϏāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧋āώ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻŦ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϜāϟāĻŋāϞ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āχāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āϜāύāĻ—ā§‹āĻˇā§āĻ ā§€āϰ āĻŦāύāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻœā§€āĻŦāύ, āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āφāĻ¨ā§āϤāσāϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ—āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϕ⧋āĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

Keywords: āĻ”āĻĒāύāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻ• āĻ­āĻžāϰāϤ, āĻ…āϰāĻŖā§āϝ āφāχāύ, āϜāύāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš, āϏāĻžāρāĻ“āϤāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻš, āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧋āĻšāĨ¤

Page No: 113-118

āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž

Author: Sumana Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030017

Abstract: āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāϏ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻ“ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒ⧃āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤ āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āϚāĻŸā§āĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āϰāϚāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻ™āĻžāϞāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āϕ⧁āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ, āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻš, āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŦāĻž-āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦ⧈āώāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧁āώāϤāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§‹āĻš āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϤ⧁āϞ⧇ āϧāϰ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āĻāχ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇āχ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻŽ, āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

‘āĻĻ⧇āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¸â€™-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāϤ⧀ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāϏāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāύ⧀ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāĻšā§‡āϤāĻž, āφāϰ āϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāĨ¤ ‘āĻļā§āϰ⧀āĻ•āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤â€™-āĻāϰ āϰāĻžāϜāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽā§€ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ­āϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻŋāύāĻŋāώ⧇āϧ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ ‘āϚāϰāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻšā§€āĻ¨â€™-āĻ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻ­āĻŖā§āĻĄ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āϟāĨ¤

āĻļāĻ°ā§ŽāϚāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϕ⧇āĻŦāϞ āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻ­ā§‹āĻ—ā§€ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϖ⧇āύāύāĻŋ; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāρāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĻ⧃āĻĸāĻŧāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤ āϤāĻžāρāϰ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āφāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āωāĻœā§āĻœā§āĻŦāϞ, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āύāĻžāϰ⧀ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ— āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĒāĻŸā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻŋāύāĻŋ āύāĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ“ āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ™ā§āĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āύāĨ¤

Keywords: āύāĻžāϰ⧀āĻšā§‡āϤāύāĻž, āϏāĻŽāĻžāϜāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāϤāĻž, āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻŽāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻĻā§€ āϏāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž, āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϤāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻĻāĨ¤

Page No: 119-122

AI-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ: āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ“ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ

Author: Mahadeb Nandi

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030018

Abstract: āφāϜāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāĻŽāϰāĻž āφāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§€āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύāĻž; āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ AI āĻāĻ–āύ āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻžāϏāϰ⧁āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĻĻā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āϛ⧇āĨ¤ AI-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž, āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āĻ“ āύāĻŽāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ AI-āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤

āĻāχ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ āĻšāϞ⧋ AI-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ—, āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜ āĻ“ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āĻŖāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇, āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāϤāĻž, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϝ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ—āĻŦ⧇āώāĻŖāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϝ⧇ AI āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϰ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ, āϤāĻžā§ŽāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύāϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ, āϜāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻĄā§‡āϟāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āωāĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāϟāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āϛ⧇āĨ¤

āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāϞ⧇āĻžā§āϜāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻž, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āωāĻĻā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ— āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•āχāϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ AI-āĻāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ­āϰāϤāĻž āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāϤāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤāĻžāĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻ“ āϏ⧃āϜāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧇āϞāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡â€”āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϤāĻžāĻ“ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤

āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāϞāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻĨāĻžāϝāĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž, āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϝāĻŧāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧁āώāĻŽ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ AI-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻ“ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļ āĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāĨ¤

Keywords: āĻ•ā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž, AI-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻ—āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, āĻ­ā§‚āĻ—ā§‹āϞ āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, āϜāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ, āĻļāĻŋāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϝāĻŧ āωāĻĻā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύ, āϤāĻĨā§āϝ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž, āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻŋāϟāĻžāϞ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύāĨ¤

Page No: 123-128

A Study of Risk Perception And Mutual Fund Investment Behaviour Among Investors in Ranchi

Author: Jayant Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030019

Abstract: This qualitative research study investigates risk perception and mutual fund investment behaviour among individual investors in Ranchi, Jharkhand. Employing a phenomenological design, the study explores the lived experiences, economic determinants, and cognitive decision-making processes that govern investors’ engagement with mutual fund products. Guided by three primary research questions and aligned objectives, in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively selected retail investors. Thematic analysis revealed that investors’ risk perceptions are significantly shaped by financial literacy, past investment experience, income stability, and prevailing market sentiments. The decision-making process is characterised by a blend of rational calculation and emotional heuristics. Findings contribute to the emerging discourse on behavioural finance in Tier-2 Indian cities and carry practical implications for financial advisors, fund houses, and policymakers seeking to deepen market participation in non-metropolitan regions

Keywords: Risk Perception, Mutual Fund Investment, Behavioural Finance, Investor Behaviour, Ranchi, Decision-making, Financial Literacy.

Page No: 129-138

A Hybrid Fuzzy MCDM Framework for Smart City Infrastructure Prioritization

AuthorSatyapal Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04030020

Abstract:

The rapid growth of urbanization and technological advancements has led to the emergence of smart cities, where efficient infrastructure planning plays a crucial role in ensuring sustainable development and improved quality of life. Prioritizing smart city infrastructure projects involves evaluating multiple conflicting criteria such as economic feasibility, environmental sustainability, technological readiness, social impact, and resource constraints. These criteria are often characterized by uncertainty and vagueness due to subjective human judgments and incomplete information.

In this paper, a hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework is proposed for smart city infrastructure prioritization under uncertainty. The proposed model integrates fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and goal programming to provide a comprehensive decision-support system. Fuzzy AHP is employed to determine the rel-ative importance of evaluation criteria using linguistic assessments, while fuzzy TOPSIS is utilized to rank infrastructure alternatives based on their closeness to ideal solutions. Furthermore, goal programming is incorporated to optimize the satisfaction of multiple decision objectives and ensure balanced resource allocation.

A numerical case study is presented to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed framework. The results indicate that the hybrid fuzzy MCDM approach provides consistent, robust, and reliable prioritization outcomes, enabling decision makers to effectively manage complex urban infrastructure planning problems. The proposed model can serve as valuable tool for policymakers, urban planners, and engineers in the development of sustainable and intelligent smart city systems.

Keywords: Fuzzy sets, Multi-criteria decision making. Fuzzy AHP, Fuzzy

Page No: 139-157