Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Mandal

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080001

Abstract: In the political history of contemporary India, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (1901–1953) has a prominent position. He was a notable educationist, attorney, member of parliament, and political figure who had a significant impact on India’s early years of independence. His political thought emphasized constitutional democracy, national integration, cultural identity, and federal governance in addition to a strong devotion to Indian nationalism. Dr. Mukherjee established the conceptual groundwork for a political tradition that still has an impact on Indian politics as the founding of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951.Dr. Mukherjee’s political philosophy developed amid a time of colonial control, Partition trauma, intercommunal strife, and the difficulty of establishing a democratic nation-state. Concerns regarding economic growth, constitutional governance, national unity, minority rights, and the Union’s connection with the states were all represented in his thinking. Despite his support for a federal system, he maintained that India’s integrity and sovereignty necessitated a powerful central government that could safeguard the country’s unity. The political philosophy of Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee is examined in this essay, with particular attention to his ideas of federalism and nationalism. It also examines the intellectual influences on his political philosophy, his opinions on national integration, democracy, and constitutionalism, and evaluates the concepts’ ongoing applicability in modern India.

Keywords: Political Philosophy, National Integration, Democracy, Nation-State, Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee.

Page No: 1-8

Author: Dr. Sharath Kumar C. R.

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080002

Abstract: The rapid integration of digital technologies into school education has made students’ attitudes towards computers an important educational concern. This study examined the level of computer attitude among secondary school students in Mysuru (Mysore) district, Karnataka, and tested whether computer attitude differed by gender and locality. A descriptive survey design was employed. Data were obtained from 84 secondary school students, comprising 43 boys and 41 girls; 51 students were from rural areas and 33 from urban areas. Computer attitude was measured using the standardized Computer Attitude Scale (CASKS) developed by Tahira Khatoon and Manika Sharma. Descriptive statistics and independent-samples ttests were used for analysis. The distribution indicated that 36.90% of students were in the extremely low category, 23.81% in the low category, 16.67% in the below-average category, 17.86% in the average category, and 4.76% in the above-average category; no student fell in the high or extremely high categories. The gender comparison showed no statistically significant difference between boys (M = 62.23, SD = 10.04) and girls (M = 60.98, SD = 11.77), t(82) = 0.528, p = .599. Similarly, no significant difference was found between rural (M = 60.96, SD = 11.29) and urban students (M = 62.64, SD = 10.27), t(82) = 0.688, p = .493. The findings suggest that low computer attitude was widespread in the sample and that gender and locality alone did not explain meaningful variation. The study highlights the need for systematic opportunities for computer-supported learning, digital skill development, and positive technology experiences in secondary education.

Keywords: Computer Attitude; Secondary School Students; Educational Technology; Digital Learning.

Page No: 9-15

Author: Takaaki Fujita

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080003

Abstract: Graph-based models provide a fundamental mathematical framework for representing relational systems in terms of vertices and their connections. Fuzzy sets extend classical set theory by assigning each element a membership degree in the interval [0,1], thereby allowing partial membership rather than restricting membership to binary values. Through the use of HyperStructures [17], Fuzzy Sets have been generalized to HyperFuzzy Sets [18–20]. Furthermore, the HyperFuzzy Set framework has been extended to graph-theoretic settings, leading to the development of HyperFuzzy Graphs [39–41].Motivated by these developments, this paper investigates tripolar extensions of the hyperfuzzy framework. In particular, we study Tripolar HyperFuzzy Sets and Tripolar HyperFuzzy Graphs, which integrate the three-pole representation of tripolar fuzzy models with the set-valued membership structure underlying HyperFuzzy Sets and HyperFuzzy Graphs

Keywords: HyperFuzzy Set, HyperFuzzy Graph, Tripolar Fuzzy Set.

Page No: 16-25

Author: Soummyadip Mandal & Dr. Rachna Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080004

Abstract: Financial sustainability has become a critical concern for sports organizations as the contemporary sports sector increasingly operates within a complex environment involving commercial competition, rising operational costs, changing consumer preferences, technological transformation, and uncertain revenue streams. Sports organizations require adequate and stable financial resources not only to conduct competitions but also to maintain infrastructure, develop athletes, support grassroots participation, employ professional personnel, and fulfil broader social responsibilities. This article examines the major challenges affecting the financial sustainability of sports organizations and identifies strategic approaches for strengthening their long-term financial viability. The study adopts a conceptual and analytical approach based on a review of existing literature, institutional frameworks, and contemporary developments in sports finance. The analysis indicates that excessive dependence on a limited number of revenue sources, inadequate financial planning, rising player and operational costs, weak governance, limited financial transparency, insufficient investment in digital transformation, and vulnerability to external shocks are major threats to sustainability. Revenue diversification, strategic budgeting, cost control, digital commercialization, sponsorship development, effective governance, financial risk management, and corporate social responsibility emerge as important strategic responses. The article argues that financial sustainability should not be understood merely as the achievement of short-term profitability; rather, it should encompass financial stability, resilience, accountability, responsible resource utilization, and the capacity to sustain sporting and social objectives over time. The article concludes that sports organizations need to adopt integrated financial strategies that balance competitive performance with long-term economic and institutional sustainability.

Keywords: Financial Sustainability, Sports Organizations, Revenue Diversification, Sports Finance, Budgeting, Sponsorship, Financial Governance, Cost Control, Strategic Management.

Page No: 26-33

Author: Prodyut Mondal & Dr. Pawan Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080005

Abstract: Climate change has emerged as one of the most significant challenges to sustainable development, affecting ecosystems, economies, public health, livelihoods, food security and social stability. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gases, dependence on fossil fuels, environmental degradation and unsustainable patterns of production and consumption have intensified climate-related risks across regions. Climate change mitigation therefore requires more than reducing emissions; it demands a transformation of energy systems, industries, transportation, agriculture, urban development and patterns of consumption. This article examines the relationship between climate change mitigation and sustainable development from emerging global perspectives. It explores the transition towards renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, green industries, circular economy, climate-resilient cities, nature-based solutions and inclusive climate governance. The article also considers the social dimensions of mitigation, particularly poverty reduction, employment, gender equality, health and climate justice. The 2030 Agenda establishes an integrated framework in which climate action is closely connected with poverty eradication, health, energy, decent work, sustainable cities and responsible consumption. Recent evidence indicates that although climate policies and clean technologies have progressed, current commitments remain insufficient to achieve the Paris Agreement temperature goals. UNEP’s 2025 assessment projects approximately 2.3– 2.5°C warming this century even if current Nationally Determined Contributions are fully implemented, highlighting the urgent need for stronger mitigation action. The article argues that climate mitigation should be understood not as a constraint on development but as a pathway towards a more resilient, inclusive, lowcarbon and environmentally sustainable development model

Keywords: Climate Change, Climate Mitigation, Sustainable Development, Renewable Energy, Green Economy, Climate Justice, Circular Economy, Low-Carbon Development.

Page No: 34-43

Author: Dr. Pankaj Kumar Paul

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080006

Abstract: Educational research is expected to generate evidence capable of improving teaching, learning, assessment, institutional management, and educational policy. Nevertheless, a persistent gap frequently exists between the production of research evidence and its translation into educational practice. This qualitative study examines the nature, causes, and consequences of the research–practice gap in contemporary education and explores strategies for strengthening the connection between educational research and professional practice. A qualitative documentary research design was employed using scholarly literature, policy documents, and research on evidence-informed education, teacher inquiry, educational knowledge mobilization, and research utilization. The analysis was organized around four objectives: examining the significance of research evidence for educational practice; analysing the factors responsible for the research–practice gap; identifying its consequences for teachers, institutions, and educational policy; and proposing strategies for strengthening research–practice connections. The findings indicate that the gap is shaped by differences between academic research priorities and practitioners’ immediate needs, limited accessibility of research findings, methodological complexity, inadequate research capacity among educators, insufficient institutional support, time constraints, and weak mechanisms for knowledge mobilization. The analysis further suggests that research evidence becomes more useful when teachers participate in inquiry, research findings are presented in accessible forms, institutions develop collaborative research cultures, and policymakers establish mechanisms for sustained evidence use. The study concludes that bridging the research–practice gap requires a shift from a linear model of research dissemination towards a collaborative model in which researchers, teachers, institutions, policymakers, and communities jointly produce, interpret, and apply educational knowledge.

Keywords: Educational Research; Research–Practice Gap; Evidence-Based Education; Knowledge Mobilization; Teacher Research; Educational Practice; Research Utilization.

Page No: 45-52

Author: Dr A Q Suhail Ahmed Choudhury

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080007

Abstract: Traditional educational discourse frames the school as a benign micro-society—an essential apparatus designed to socialize youth, foster civic virtue, and transmit critical intellectual capital. However, critical sociological theory, radical pedagogy, and institutional analysis reveal a contrasting reality: the school functions as a toxic microcosm of society’s structural failings. Rather than serving as an incubator for human flourishing, the modern schooling institution functions as a site of enforced conformity, systemic alienation, stratified inequality, and psychological pacification. By examining the hidden curriculum, authoritarian power dynamics, panoptic surveillance, and peer-group pathologies, this paper argues that the school constitutes a ‘bad society.’ It systematically conditions subjects to accept arbitrary hierarchies, suppresses organic intellectual curiosity, and reproduces socio-economic divisions under the guise of meritocracy.

Keywords: School, Society, Micro-Society, Pedagogy, Institutional Analysis, Sociological Analysis, Social System.

Page No: 53-57

Author: Ms. Hardi Pancholi & Dr. Sheetal Helaiya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080008

Abstract: Science is connected with individual’s life as learning of science facilitates individual to become more critical and creative. For effective learning of science involvement of students with multi-sensory. As a result, learning of science education is always emphasized in India. In Indigenous knowledge and practices, Science education is deeply rooted. For the concepts learning, the learning style of the learners was emphasized, by considering it teaching strategies were selected. Teaching practices were more directed towards the holistic development of learners, in science education also these practices were pretended for better learning outcomes. More discussion and debate among the learners enhance their mental capabilities to think beyond a certain level. Indian knowledge system explicated teaching strategies associated with multiple philosophies. Nyaya philosophy was reflected in science education because the characteristics of both are logical reasoning of the concepts. Presumption, observation, analogy and verbal association are the techniques of reasoning which are related to science education. These techniques and its application in the subject makes more contextualization of indigenous science education, research trends in the teaching practices of science education also provides the base of applicability of science education in the modern scenario. Research trends make the similarity to the indigenous teaching practices of science and provides the scope of improvement in science education. Guru Shishya tradition has the cultural background which imbibes the values and ethics in learners. In this paper elevation of science education through the realm of Indigenous glance with current scenario of it, is given in detail.

Keywords: Science Education, Indian Knowledge, Indigenous Teaching Practices.

Page No: 58-63

Author: Dr Kamal Uddin Mazarbhuiya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080009

Abstract: Barak Valley, comprising present districts of Cachar, Sribhumi [erstwhile Karimganj] and Hailakandi, is presently home to a large Muslim population which forms about 45-50% of the valley’s population, and majority in Hailakandi and Sribhumi districts. However, the advent and spread of Islam in this region has remained largely unstudied in mainstream historiography of Assam which focuses on Brahmaputra Valley. This paper traces the advent of Islam in Barak Valley from early 13th century to the colonial period. It examines three distinct phases – first, early Turko-Afghan military incursions through Sylhet frontier [1206-1384], second, the Sufi missionary phase led by Shah Jalal and his 360 disciples in Sylhet and adjoining Barak plains, and third, the Mughal and post-Mughal peasant settlement phase which led to large scale agrarian Islamization. The paper uses Persian chronicles like Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, Baharistan-i-Ghaybi, Tarikh-i-Sylhet, local sanads, qabala deeds in Persian, and folk traditions. It argues that Islam in Barak Valley spread not primarily through conquest but through Sufi-led peaceful agrarian expansion and deforestation of haors and beels.

Keywords: Advent of Islam, Barak Valley, Shah Jalal, Sylhet, Sufi, Mughal, Persian Sources, Sribhumi

Page No: 64-68

Author: Minati Sau Bhaumik & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080010

Abstract: অষ্টাদশ শতকের ভারতচন্দ্রের ‘বিদ্যাসুন্দর’ কাব্য যাত্রাপালা হিসেবে ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর বাংলায়, বিশেষত কলকাতায় নতুন রূপ লাভ করেছিল। ‘অন্নদামঙ্গল’ কাব্যের দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড হিসেবে ‘বিদ্যাসুন্দর’ কাব্যের ব্যাপক জনপ্রিয়তার কারণে ভারতচন্দ্রও বিদ্যাসুন্দরের কবিরূপে পরিচিত হন। এই যাত্রার মূল আখ্যান ছিল বর্ধমানের রাজকন্যা বিদ্যা এবং কাঞ্চীর রাজকুমার সুন্দরের গোপন মিলনকে কেন্দ্র করে। কবিওয়ালাদের যুগে এই যাত্রায় নৃত্য ও গীতের আধিক্য ছিল, যা কবি-সঙ্গীতের দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়েছিল। কলকাতায় মহারাষ্ট্রীয় বাইজীদের আগমনের পর যাত্রা-সঙ্গীতে তবলা ও ঘুঙুরের ব্যবহার শুরু হয় এবং টপ্পা গান জনপ্রিয়তা লাভ করে। এই পটভূমিতেই গোপাল উড়িয়ার হাতে বিদ্যাসুন্দর যাত্রার পথচলা। গোপাল প্রবর্তিত নৃত্যের নতুন রীতি সম্ভবত উড়িয়া সংস্কৃতির বঙ্গীয়করণ ছিল। তিনি যাত্রা থেকে পয়ার সম্পূর্ণ বাদ দিয়ে গান ও নাচকে একত্রিত করে একটি পুরো ‘Ballet’ তৈরি করেন। গোপাল উড়িয়ার যাত্রা ছিল আদিরস-ভিত্তিক ও আধ্যাত্মিকতা-বর্জিত, যা উনবিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথমার্ধের বাঙালির বিকৃত রস-পিপাসার চরম দলিল হয়ে ওঠে। গোপালের পালায় ব্যবহৃত চলিত বাংলা ভাষায় রচিত অনেক গান রাম বসুর রচনা হতে পারে বলে অনুমান করা হয়, যা তৎকালীন মজলিশী সমাজের বে-আব্রু ভাষা ছিল।

Keywords: যাত্রা, ভারতচন্দ্র, বিদ্যাসুন্দর যাত্রা, গোপাল উড়িয়া, গোপাল উড়ে, টপ্পা গান, রাম বসু।

Page No: 69-75

Author: Bandana Sautya & Dr. Sanchita Banerjee Roy

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080011

Abstract: আলোচ্য নিবন্ধের সূচনায় ‘পাগল’ শব্দটি ব্যবহারের সংবেদনশীলতা এবং মানসিক স্বাস্থ্যের বিভিন্ন জটিল দিক সম্পর্কে সচেতনতার গুরুত্ব তুলে ধরা হয়েছে। আলোচনার কেন্দ্রে রয়েছে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের ‘ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ’ গল্পের মেহের আলি এবং বিভূতিভূষণ বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের ‘তিরোলের বালা’ গল্পের পূর্ণিমা। মেহের আলিকে শাহীবাগের তুলার মাশুল-কালেক্টরের বিকল্প-সত্তা (Alter-ego) রূপে দেখানো হয়েছে, যিনি অতীত ও বর্তমানের (Illusions and Reality) দ্বন্দ্বে মোহাচ্ছন্ন হয়ে পড়েছেন। প্রাসাদ-রাক্ষসের গ্রাস থেকে মুক্তি পাওয়া সত্ত্বেও তিনি প্রতিদিন ‘তফাত যাও, সব ঝুট হ্যায়’ বলে সতর্কবার্তা দিতে থাকেন। অন্যদিকে, অপরূপ রূপবতী পূর্ণিমাকে তার দাদা পাগলাকালীর বালা পরানোর উদ্দেশ্যে সুদূর তিরোলে নিয়ে যাচ্ছেন। পূর্ণিমা দুই মাস ধরে নীরব থাকলেও, অপরিচিত পরিবেশে তার মানসিক ভারসাম্য লঙ্ঘিত হতে পারে -এই আশঙ্কা বিদ্যমান ছিল। আপাতদৃষ্টিতে শান্ত, অতিথিপরায়ণ এই তরুণীর আচরণে ফ্রয়েডীয় জীবন-মৃত্যু দ্বিপক্ষবাদের (Life and Death Polarity) জটিল মনস্তত্ত্বের প্রতিফলন ঘটেছে, যা তাকে চরম মুহূর্তে আত্মরক্ষার তাগিদে পরঘাতী করে তুলেছে। এই দুটি চরিত্রের বিশ্লেষণের মাধ্যমে লেখকদ্বয় মানসিক বৈকল্যের জটিলতা ও মনস্তত্ত্বের গভীরতাকে উন্মোচন করেছেন।

Keywords: পাগল, মানসিক প্রতিবন্ধী, পাগল চরিত্র, বাংলা ছোটগল্প, ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ, মেহের আলি, তিরোলের বালা, পূর্ণিমা।

Page No: 76-84

Author: Syed Rashida Abbas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080012

Abstract(सारांश): वर्तमान अध्ययन ‘‘सतत विकास के सन्दर्भ में डिजिटल समावेशन और औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में महिलाओं की भूमिका का अध्ययन (रांची जिले)’’ डिजिटल युग में महिलाओं की आर्थिक भागीदारी और सशक्तिकरण के बीच सम्बन्ध स्थापित का विश्लेषण करता है। सतत विकास की अवधारणा केवल पर्यावरणीय संरक्षण तक सीमित नहीं है बल्कि इसमें सामाजिकता समानता और आर्थिक समावेशन भी शामिल है। इस सन्दर्भ में डिजिटल समावेशन महिलाओं को सूचना संसाधनों और रोजगार के अवसरों तक पहुँच प्रदान करता है, जिससे उसकी उनकी उत्पादकता और आय में वृद्धि होती है। इस अध्ययन में रांची जिले के औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में कार्यरत महिलाओं के डिजिटल साक्षरता स्तर तकनीकी संसाधनों की उपलब्धता तथा उसके आर्थिक योगदान का विश्लेषण किया गया है। प्राथमिक एवं द्वितीयक आंकड़ों के आधार पर यह पाया गया है कि डिजिटल तकनीकों तक सीमित पहुँच प्रशिक्षण की कमी और सामाजिक बाधाएं महिलाओं की पूर्ण भागीदारी में अवरोध उत्पन्न करती है। हालांकि जिन महिलाओं को डिजिटल प्लेटफार्म और तकनीक प्रशिक्षण उपलब्ध हुआ है, उनमें आत्मनिर्भरता, निर्णय निर्माण क्षमता और आय स्तर में उल्लेखनीय सुधार देखा गया है।

यह अध्ययन यह निष्कर्ष निकालता है कि डिजिटल समावेशन का बढ़ावा देकर औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में महिलाओं की भागीदारी को सुदृढ़ किया जा सकता है जो सतत विकास के लक्ष्यों की प्राप्ति में सहायक होगा। नीति-निर्माताओं के लिए यह आवश्यक है कि वे डिजिटल शिक्षा, प्रशिक्षण और आधारभूत संरचना के विकास पर विशेष ध्यान दें, ताकि महिलाओं को समान अवसर मिल सकें।

Keywords(मुख्य शब्द): सतत विकास, डिजिटल समावेशन, महिला सशक्तिकरण, रांची जिला, औद्योगिक क्षेत्र, आर्थिक विकास, अध्ययन, शिक्षा।

Page No: 85-92

Author: Prof. (Dr.) Shamma Chakraborty & Ms. Laxmi Hembrom

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080013

Abstract: The present study aims to examine the academic achievement of Scheduled Tribe (ST) students studying at the secondary level in government and private schools in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand. The study focuses particularly on differences in academic achievement with respect to gender and type of institution. A descriptive survey method may be adopted for the study. The sample consists of 300 Scheduled Tribe students studying at the secondary level, comprising 150 male and 150 female students selected from government and private secondary schools in Jamshedpur. Academic achievement may be assessed through students’ annual examination marks, a standardized achievement test, or both, depending on the research design. Appropriate statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation and independent-samples t-test may be used to analyse the data. The study is expected to provide evidence regarding differences in academic achievement between students studying in government and private institutions and between male and female students. The findings may be useful to teachers, school administrators, policymakers and researchers concerned with improving the educational achievement of Scheduled Tribe students.

Keywords: Academic Achievement, Scheduled Tribe Students, Examine, Method, Gender, Secondary Education, Jamshedpur, Analyse.

Page No: 93-100

Author: Biplab Ghosh & Dr. Jayanta Acharya

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080014

Abstract: The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 directly links women’s empowerment with inclusive, equitable, and accessible education. NEP 2020 views education as a primary driver for eliminating historical gender disparities and ensuring social equality. Measures such as the Gender Inclusion Fund, safe school infrastructure, and flexible learning methods actively encourage and secure the enrolment of female students. By integrating digital literacy, vocational training, and mainstream formal education, the policy transforms women from passive learners into active leaders in national development. The policy concludes that establishing an egalitarian society is impossible without empowering women through self-reliance, economic participation, and equal rights.

Keywords: NEP 2020, women empowerment, Education, Gender Inclusion.

Page No: 101-106

Author: Kalyan Banerjee

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080015

Abstract: The Stern–Gerlach experiment holds key role for students, particularly those studying quantum mechanics, modern physics, atomic physics, and physics education. It is one of the simplest experiments that demonstrates that the microscopic world does not behave accordingly withdynamics of classical physics, thusthe Stern–Gerlach experiment allows students to follow a logical progression: Classical expectation → Experimental observation → Failure of classical explanation → Quantum hypothesis → Spin states → Mathematical formulation → Quantum measurement.

Keywords: Quantum Mechanics, quantum mechanics, modern physics, atomic physics, physics education.

Page No: 107-119

Author: Dr. Anil Kumar Dubey

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080016

Abstract: Teaching is a Nobel profession, for this Nobel profession, we need well qualified teachers. Only good quality teacher education programme can make good, knowledgeable, qualified teachers suitable for this profession. Teachers are the ones who impart good moral values and disciplines to the students. The key question here is that since the creator of our future generation is the teacher, it is very important to shed light on how teachers should be educated and how to train them. Therefore, enough emphasis has been laid on teacher education in the NEP-2020. Because there are some flaws between the current education system and teacher’s training programme. The objectives of the study are to investigate about the existing problems situated in teacher education programmes at present, to know about the main focus point in planning of teacher education programme in NEP2020 and to know about the initiatives or changes taken by Ministry of Education to improve teacher education programme in NEP2020. The study is theoretical and descriptive based. As a secondary sources, the data has been collected from different kinds of books, journals, research articles, NEP-2020 report etc.

Keywords: NEP 2020, Teacher Education Programme, Values.

Page No: 120-123

Author: Miss Rupa Sharma Mishra

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080017

Abstract: Soreng District is one of the newly established districts of Sikkim, formed on 13 December 2021 following the reorganisation of the erstwhile West District. Since its formation, the district has been developing a separate administrative and healthcare infrastructure to improve accessibility and delivery of public health services. This study provides a descriptive assessment of government healthcare facilities available in Soreng District, with emphasis on healthcare infrastructure, human resources, primary healthcare services, public health programmes and the emerging district-level healthcare system. The study follows a descriptive research design and is primarily based on secondary information from the Government of Sikkim, Soreng District Administration, Health and Family Welfare Department, official government publications, press releases and audit reports. The public healthcare structure includes Soreng CHC, Mangalbaria PHC, Rinchenpong PHC, Sombaria PHC and community-level Health and Wellness Centres. The 100-bedded District Hospital at Soreng is a major infrastructure project intended to strengthen secondary healthcare. Recent programmes demonstrate NCD screening, tuberculosis screening, AYUSH outreach, immunisation and community health activities. SWOT analysis indicates expanding infrastructure and community outreach as important strengths, while geographical accessibility, specialist availability, workforce planning and referral dependence remain areas requiring continued attention.

Keywords: Soreng District; Sikkim; Government Healthcare; PHC; CHC; Health and Wellness Centre; District Hospital; Human Resources; Public Health.

Page No: 124-130

Author: Dr. Md Shawkat Ali

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080018

Abstract: Academic motivation is a critical psychological construct that directs students’ energy toward learning goals, sustains effort, and shapes the quality of cognitive engagement. This study investigated the academic motivation of Class VIII secondary school students in Lalgola Block of Murshidabad district, West Bengal. A stratified random sample of 200 students (100 boys and 100 girls; 100 rural and 100 urban) was selected from five government and government-aided schools. Academic motivation was measured using the Academic Motivation Questionnaire developed by Dr. D. Bhattacharya, while academic achievement was operationalised as aggregate marks in the last Annual Examination. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square goodness-of-fit, independent-samples t-tests, Pearson correlation and simple linear regression were employed. Results indicated that motivation scores were approximately normally distributed (χ² = 3.072, df = 6, p = 0.800). No statistically significant gender (t = 1.655, p > 0.05) or locale (t = 1.003, p > 0.05) differences were found. A moderate positive correlation existed between academic motivation and achievement (r = 0.3245, p < 0.01). The regression equation Y = 0.444X + 436.358 was derived for predictive purposes. Findings reaffirm the importance of fostering academic motivation and suggest that gender and rural–urban location are not major determinants of motivation in this localised context. Implications for classroom practice and directions for future research are discussed.

Keywords: Academic Motivation; Secondary School Students; Gender Differences; Rural–Urban Locale; Academic Achievement; Murshidabad; West Bengal.

Page No: 131-137

Author: Manju Mohan & Dr Sampath Kumar L

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080019

Abstract: Amidst various computational models for Sanskrit grammar, this paper proposes a matrix-based computational model for the generation of subanta forms. The implementation attempts to adhere closely to the rule-based system of Pāṇini, where the applicability of grammatical rules is determined by contextual conditions. In the present system, the context is derived from user inputs and stored using several flags which guide the application of rules during the derivational process (prakriyā). A key feature of this approach is the use of a matrix structure representing the combinations of vibhakti and vacana, which reduces the need for repetitive looping of rules and improves computational efficiency. The system also incorporates a mechanism for handling ‘it’ designations as prescribed in the Aṣṭādhyāyī (1.3.2–1.3.9), ensuring that the derivation follows the traditional grammatical process. The model is implemented in Python, which enables easy scalability and potential integration with other computational linguistic frameworks. The system currently generates subanta forms for vowel-ending masculine, feminine and neuter stems. Apart from its computational relevance, the model also provides pedagogical value by illustrating the step-by-step derivational procedure described in the Pāṇinian grammatical tradition.

Keywords: Pāṇini, Aṣṭādhyāyī, Matrix Structure, Vibhakti, Vacana.

Page No:138-153

Author: Dr. Pawan Kumar

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080020

Abstract: Background: Educational institutions are among the largest processors of personal data including minors’ data. With rapid digitization of admission, Learning Management Systems (LMS), fee payments and surveillance, data vulnerability has increased. Objective: This review article analyzes the provisions of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and its relevance, mandatory requirements, and implementation challenges for schools, colleges and universities in India. Methods: A doctrinal and systematic review of the DPDP Act, 2023, Draft DPDP Rules 2025, Data Protection Board notifications, and secondary literature from 2018-2026 was conducted. Comparative analysis with GDPR, FERPA and Indian IT Act was performed. Results: The Act imposes fiduciary obligations on educational institutions including verifiable parental consent under Section 9, purpose limitation, data minimization, breach notification within 72 hours, and penalties up to INR 250 crore. Conclusion: DPDP compliance is not merely legal obligation but strategic enabler of trust, data security and global academic collaboration. A phased implementation model is proposed.

Keywords: DPDP Act 2023; Data Fiduciary; Student Privacy; Children Data; Educational Institutions; Data Protection Board of India; Verifiable Parental Consent.

Page No:154-161

Author: Miss Adersikha Pradhan

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080021

Abstract: Digital transformation has made educational institutions intensive users and custodians of personal data. Admissions, student information systems, attendance, examinations, fee administration, scholarships, learning-management systems, digital classrooms, identity verification, placement services, CCTV and other institutional processes may involve personal information relating to students, parents, faculty and staff. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) establishes a legal framework for processing digital personal data in India, while the Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 provide operational detail and a phased commencement framework.[1,2] The education sector requires particular attention because institutions may process data relating to children, and Section 9 of the Act establishes additional requirements for children’s personal data.[1] This review examines the relevance of the DPDP framework to educational institutes, focusing on student privacy, children’s data, parental or lawful-guardian roles, transparency, consent, security safeguards, data retention, grievance redressal, breach management, third-party service providers and penalties. It proposes a practical institutional implementation model based on data inventory, purpose mapping, governance, privacy notices, access control, vendor management, retention schedules, incident response and periodic review. The article also discusses the phased commencement of the Act and Rules and highlights the need for institutions to distinguish statutory requirements that are currently in force from provisions scheduled to commence later. The paper concludes that data protection should be treated as an institution-wide governance responsibility rather than solely an information-technology function.

Keywords: Digital Personal Data Protection Act; DPDP Rules 2025; Educational Institutions; Student Privacy; Children’s Data; Parental Consent; Data Governance; Cyber security; Personal Data; India.

Page No: 162-178

Author: Prasenjit Bera & Dr. Koomkoom Khawas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04080022

Abstract: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is an important synthetic approach for constructing carbon–sulfur bonds in electron-deficient aromatic systems. This critical review explores the mechanistic pathways, substrate scope, reactivity, selectivity, and practical limitations of sulfur-mediated SNAr reactions, with particular emphasis on ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate (HS–CH₂–CH₂–CO₂Et). Key factors influencing reaction efficiency, including electron-withdrawing substituents, leaving-group identity, solvent polarity, base strength, and temperature, are critically examined. Classical addition–elimination mechanisms involving Meisenheimer intermediates are compared with concerted SNAr pathways. Literature-based kinetic and computational findings are discussed alongside applications in aromatic functionalization and heterocyclic chemistry. Potential challenges, including thiol oxidation, incomplete deprotonation, ester hydrolysis, and product selectivity, are highlighted. The review identifies existing research gaps and proposes integrated kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational approaches to improve mechanistic understanding and reaction reproducibility. Overall, this analysis provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and selective sulfur-based SNAr methodologies.

Keywords: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr); Ethyl 3-mercaptopropionate; Sulfur nucleophiles; Thiolate ions; Aryl–sulfur bond formation; Meisenheimer intermediate; Reaction kinetics; Density functional theory; Structure–reactivity relationships; Porphyrinoids.

Page No: 179-201