Author: Ambrues Monboe Nebo

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090001

Abstract: The contemporary international security environment is shaped by multipolarity, strategic uncertainty, and flexible security partnerships among regional and middle powers. This study examines the strategic and geopolitical factors underlying the Saudi Arabia–Pakistan–Türkiye trilateral defense framework and assesses its significance as an emerging form of minilateral security cooperation. Guided by Strategic Autonomy, Multipolarity, and Minilateralism, the study employs a qualitative case-study approach based on policy documents, official statements, reports, and scholarly literature. Findings indicate that the framework is driven not by identical threat perceptions or complete strategic alignment, but by converging interests in deterrence, security diversification, defense cooperation, and strategic flexibility. The study argues that the framework represents collective strategic autonomy through minilateral cooperation, enabling the three states to diversify security relationships while maintaining existing alliances. It concludes that the arrangement demonstrates the growing capacity of regional and middle powers to enhance strategic agency and shape an increasingly multipolar security architecture.  

Keywords: Strategic Autonomy; Multipolarity; Minilateralism; Collective Defense; Security Cooperation.

Page No: 1-20

Author: Subhasini Singha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090002

Abstract:

The Pauranic literature occupies an important place in Sanskrit literature. As many Puranas state, the “Purana” is the divine voice (vaani) of Lord Brahma. In the Matsyapurana, it stated:  

पुराणंसबशा ानां थमं णाकृ तम्। अ

न रंचव े ोदेवा िविनगता:।। (म पुराण 5/3/3)

—This means that the Puranas were the first of all scriptures composed by Brahma, holding a place right after the Vedas. “Puranangvedasammatam”—the Puranas arose following the tradition of the Vedas, with the Vedas serving as their origin. Furthermore, the Puranas consistently praise the Vedas. They act as a storehouse of ancient stories (aakhyanas and upakhyanas), through which not only later Sanskrit epic literature, but all subsequent literature across various Indian languages, has been enriched and made to flourish. The Puranas accurately reflect the religious and socio-cultural landscape of ancient India down to the present day. Indian epics draw their subject matter from the Puranas. 

The earliest traces of the epics of India can be found in Vedic literature—specifically, in the akhyana hymns of the Rigveda, as well as the akhyanas, upakhyanas, Itihasas, and Puranas of the Brahmana literature.

There are eighteen Puranas, which are called Mahapuranas. These Mahapuranas serve as the source for various well-known epics in Sanskrit literature and other Indian literatures, such as the Adhyatma Ramayana, the works of the great poet Kalidasa, Bharavi’s Kiratarjuniyam, and in Awadhi language, the renowned Sanskrit scholar Tulsidas created the masterpiece ‘Ramcharitmanas’, which is also rooted in the Puranas. Similarly, the great religious epic ‘Kirtan Ghosha’ in Assamese literature by Mahapurusha Srimanta Sankardev, the great preacher of the Vaishnav religion, and Mahapurush Madhavdeva—a disciple of Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev—wrote numerous devotional works inspired by the Puranas, primarily the Bhagavata Purana. Consequently, Pauranic literature significantly influenced the development of later epic poetry. All in all, without the Puranas, Indian literatureespecially epic literature is incomplete. 

Keywords: Mahabharata, Brahmanda Purana, Matsya- Purana, Kalidasa, Kiratarjuniyam, Bhagavata Purana.

Page No: 21-27

Author: Ranjan Debnath

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090003

Abstract: The Indian Ocean has emerged as one of the most strategically significant maritime spaces in contemporary international politics, particularly because of its central position in global trade, energy transportation, connectivity and regional security. Maritime transport carries more than 80% of goods traded worldwide by volume, making the security and stability of major maritime routes an important component of the international Political economy. The geopolitical significance of the Indian Ocean has increased further with the growing strategic presence of India and China and the expanding involvement of smaller South Asian States such as Sri-Lanka, Maldives, Bangladesh and Pakistan. China’s economic and strategic engagement through the Belt and Road Initiatives, including infrastructure projects and maritime connectivity initiatives, has generated both economic opportunities and strategic concerns in the region. At the same time, India has sought to strengthen its maritime position through initiatives such as Security and Growth for All in the region (SAGAR), maritime domain awareness, naval diplomacy and regional maritime partnerships. Existing debated frequently interpret these developments primarily through the framework of India-China strategic rivalry. This article argues that such a framework, while important, does not fully capture the complexity of contemporary Indian Ocean politics. The study therefore examines the interaction between great-power competition, smaller-state strategic autonomy, traditional and non-traditional maritime-security challenges, and regional institutional cooperation. Using a qualitative research design and documentary analysis of official documents, international reports, scholarly literature and policy materials, the article finds that the emerging Indian Ocean order is characterised not simply by rivalry but by a combination of competition, cooperation, strategic hedging and Institutionalisation. It argues that sustainable regional stability requires strengthening cooperative maritime-security mechanism while preventing strategic competition from developing into confrontation. 

Keywords: Indian Ocean, South Asia, Maritime Security, India-China Competition, Regional Power Politics.

Page No: 28-36

Author: Mithlesh Kumar, Dr. Prasamita Mohanty & Dr. Rajesh Ekka

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090004

Abstract: Science education needs a pedagogical approach which promotes scientific reasoning, practical skills, meaningful participation and equitable learning opportunities with conceptual understanding. However, present laboratory teaching method based on predetermined procedures, examination oriented practical works and teacher centered approach which may restrict learners’ opportunities to investigate phenomena, formulate questions, make decisions, interpret evidence and communicate scientific explanations. The present conceptual study examines Inquiry Based Laboratory Instructions (IBLI) as equity oriented pedagogical approach for promoting inclusiveness in science education. The study adopt a qualitative literature based conceptual methodology combining relevant theoretical perspectives, scholarly literature on inquiry based learning, empirical studies, laboratory instructions, science education and educational inclusion. This study focus on perspective of constructivism learning theory, social constructivism learning theory, experiential learning theory, inquiry based science education, equity, inclusion and also this paper develops a conceptual framework linking inquiry oriented laboratory processes with inclusive science learning. The framework identifies twelve dimensions of inclusiveness: equitable access, active participation, meaningful engagement, differentiated support, learner agency, collaborative learning, equitable role distribution, accessibility and flexibility, voice and expression, scientific competency development, inclusive assessment and sense of belonging and confidence. This study shows that IBLI can promote inclusiveness through accessible resources, collaborative participation, differentiated scaffolding and responsive instructional design. 

Keywords: Inquiry Based Laboratory Instructions (IBLI), Laboratory Learning, Inclusiveness, Scientific Competencies, Educational Equity.

Page No: 37-46

Author: Prasenjit Bera & Dr. Koomkoom Khawas

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090005

Abstract: Nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) is a powerful platform for constructing arylheteroatom bonds without obligatory transition-metal catalysis. Among the available nucleophiles, sulfurcentered reagents are particularly attractive because sulfur combines high polarizability with substantial nucleophilicity and can therefore engage efficiently with activated aryl and heteroaryl electrophiles. This review-style manuscript examines sulfur-nucleophile-mediated SNAr as a complementary strategy for C–S bond construction, with emphasis on mechanistic requirements, substrate electronics, leaving-group effects, solvent and base effects, sulfur-nucleophile scope, polyfluoroarene substitution, heteroaryl SNAr, sequential substitution, and reversible sulfur exchange. Recent literature demonstrates that activated aryl fluorides, chlorides, and bromides can undergo metal-free substitution with thiophenols and selected alkyl thiols under basic conditions, while electron-deficient heteroaryl halides can react with thiols under similarly practical conditions. Polyfluoroarenes provide an additional class of highly electrophilic substrates in which the fluorination pattern controls regioselectivity. More unusual reversible sulfur-exchange processes further demonstrate that SNAr can operate as a dynamic rather than strictly irreversible transformation. The literature is evaluated here with particular attention to its relevance to sulfur-containing synthetic systems and to the prospective functionalization of 3-sulfonyl phthalide-related frameworks. Importantly, the literature surveyed does not establish conventional sulfur-nucleophile SNAr of 3-sulfonylphthalides themselves. Accordingly, direct reactions involving 3-sulfonylphthalides are treated as prospective design hypotheses rather than reported precedents. This distinction preserves a clear boundary between established chemistry and future synthetic opportunities while identifying experimentally testable directions for C–S bond construction, annulation, rearrangement, and sulfur-centered diversification.

Keywords: Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution; SNAr; Sulfur Nucleophile; Thiophenol; Thiolate; C–S Bond Formation; Polyfluoroarene; Heteroaryl Halide; Sulfur Exchange; 3-Sulfonylphthalide.

Page No: 47-58

Author: Dipankar Das

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090006

Abstract: This paper looks at Katigorah Legislative Assembly Constituency (No. 116) in the Assam Assembly Election 2026. Katigorah is the largest constituency in Cachar district with 2,14,527 electors and it is also known as a swing seat. No party has been able to retain this seat since 2011. The 2026 election was historic because the winning margin crossed 37,000 votes for the first time and the vote share of the winner touched 58.21%. The study is based on Election Commission of India data 2026, Final Delimitation Order 2023, The Assam Tribune constituency scan report dated 7th April 2026, and informal interaction with voters in Kalain, Gumra and Katigorah area in May 2026. The paper argues that Katigorah 2026 shows a shift from identity-based voting to candidate centric and development-oriented voting. The issues of defection, delimitation and revival of Panchgram Paper Mill played a decisive role.

Keywords: Katigorah, Assam Election 2026, Voter Behaviour, Cachar, Delimitation, Barak Valley.

Page No: 59-63

Author: Dr. Ningma Doma Sherpa

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090007

Abstract: Sikkim presents a distinctive rural-development economy because its mountainous terrain, ecological sensitivity, extensive forest resources and limited cultivable land constrain conventional agricultural expansion. At the same time, the State has developed important modern economic sectors, including manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, tourism, services and MSMEs. Objective: This article examines the structure of Sikkim’s modern economy from a rural-development perspective, with particular emphasis on land availability, agriculture and horticulture, value addition, micro and small enterprises, women and self-help groups, bamboo and food processing, recycling and tourism-linked livelihoods. Methods: A structured desk review was undertaken using official Government of Sikkim, Finance Department, Agriculture, Horticulture, Rural Development, Commerce and Industries, Forest and State Pollution Control Board materials, supplemented by official statistical and policy documents. Data were interpreted with attention to reference year and source definition. Results: Sikkim has a geographical area of 7,096 km² and a 2011 population of 610,577, including 456,999 rural residents. Net area sown was reported at about 77,000 hectares in 2018–19, while forest and tree cover was reported at 3,378.49 km² in the cited forest assessment. The State’s economic structure has shifted substantially toward secondary and tertiary activities, while agriculture remains central to rural livelihoods. The evidence indicates that rural development should therefore focus not on expansion of cultivated land alone but on increasing value generated per unit of land through horticulture, food processing, bamboo products, spices, pickles, rural tourism, recycling and decentralized micro-enterprises. Conclusion: A ‘more value per hectare’ strategy can complement agricultural development in Sikkim. Village-level processing, producer groups, SHGs, branding, market linkages and circular-economy enterprises can help retain a larger share of value within rural communities while protecting ecological assets.

Keywords: Sikkim; Rural Development; Land Use; Agriculture; Horticulture; MSME; Food Processing; Bamboo; Dalle Chilli; Value Addition; Recycling; Rural Tourism; Sustainable Development.

Page No: 64-78

Author: Md. Jasim Uddin

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090008

Abstract: Muslin represents a pinnacle of Bengal’s economic and cultural heritage, transforming the region into a global textile hub during the Mughal era. Beyond a luxury fabric, it functioned as an integrated economic system encompassing agriculture, spinning, weaving, skilled labor, and trade. This qualitative study examines the origin and expansion of Bengal’s Muslin economy, its labor structures, its decline under British colonial policies, and contemporary revival prospects. Based on secondary historical records and institutional reports, the research utilizes Historical, Content, and Value Chain Analysis. Findings show that Muslin established a skill-intensive value chain boosting employment and trade. However, colonial commercial policies and the Industrial Revolution caused its rapid downfall. Today, rising global demand for eco-friendly, heritage luxury products offers new potential for Muslin. Ensuring GI protection, branding, skill development, and public-private partnerships can establish Muslin as a key driver for export diversification and sustainable economic development.

Keywords: Muslin, Dhaka Muslin, Bengal Economy, Handloom Industry, Colonial Economy, Value Chain.

Page No: 79-87

Author: Mitali Priyadarsini Swain, Dr. (Prof) Tushar Ranjan Patnaik & Dr. (Prof) Debendra Nath Behera

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090009

Abstract: The present study examines secondary school students’ interest in Physical Education and Yoga in relation to educational board, gender, locality, perception, and school facilities. A descriptive survey method with comparative and correlational approaches is proposed. The sample comprises 300 students from 20 secondary schools affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and the Board of Secondary Education, Odisha (BSE Odisha), located in Cuttack, Jagatsinghpur, Jajpur, and Kendrapara districts. Data are proposed to be collected using Students’ Interest and Perception Scales, a Personal Information Schedule, and a School Observation Schedule. Descriptive statistics, independent-samples ttests, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and regression analysis are planned for data analysis. The illustrative results indicate significantly higher interest among CBSE students than BSE Odisha students, while gender-based and urban-rural differences are not statistically significant. Students’ perception demonstrates a positive association with interest, and school facilities appear to be a potential predictor of interest. These preliminary patterns highlight the possible importance of favourable perceptions, adequate infrastructure, and inclusive educational practices in promoting participation. However, the numerical results are illustrative rather than verified empirical findings and require validation using actual data. The study may contribute to understanding factors associated with students’ engagement in Physical Education and Yoga at the secondary school level.

Keywords: Physical Education, Yoga, Students’ Interest, Students’ Perception, School Facilities.

Page No: 88-94

Author: Subrata Si & Dr. Sneha Ojha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090010

Abstract: Mindfulness has gained widespread recognition in contemporary mental health discourse as a potentially beneficial practice for managing stress, anxiety, emotional regulation, and overall well-being. However, interpreting mindfulness merely as a psychological technique for attending to the present moment, while detaching it from its Buddhist origins, ethical foundations, and soteriological orientation, risks narrowing its broader philosophical significance. This paper develops an integrated account of mental health through key concepts of Buddhist philosophy, including sati (mindfulness), the Four Noble Truths, dependent origination (paṭiccasamuppāda), impermanence (anicca), non-self (anattā), Right Mindfulness (sammā-sati), concentration (samādhi), wisdom (paññā), loving-kindness (mettā), and compassion (karuṇā). Through a comparative examination of selected perspectives from the Theravāda, Mahāyāna, and Zen traditions, the study argues that, within Buddhist philosophy, a healthy mind is not merely one that is free from psychological symptoms. Rather, mental well-being involves the capacity to recognize the influence of greed, aversion, and delusion; cultivate ethical responsibility; understand the impermanent and interdependent nature of reality; and respond compassionately to the suffering of oneself and others. The study employs a conceptual, interpretive, and critical methodology, drawing on primary Buddhist texts, contemporary Buddhist scholarship, philosophical literature, and research on mindfulness-based interventions. Although contemporary research suggests that mindfulness-based practices may provide significant psychological benefits, findings are not uniformly consistent. Conceptual ambiguity, methodological diversity, commercialization, and the possibility of adverse experiences therefore require careful critical consideration. The paper concludes that Buddhist mindfulness, when integrated with ethical cultivation, wisdom, compassion, social context, and appropriate mental health care, can provide a profound, humane, and complementary philosophical framework for contemporary approaches to mental health. Nevertheless, mindfulness should not be regarded as a universal substitute for professional mental health treatment.

Keywords: Mindfulness, Sati, Mental health, Buddhist philosophy, Four Noble Truths, Compassion.

Page No: 95-105

Author: Tithi Biswas, Shilpa Paik & Subhas Chandra Bhat

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090011

Abstract: Physics is deeply rooted in nature and has played a fundamental role in shaping human civilization from its earliest stages to the modern era. This study examines the presence of physics in natural phenomena and its educational implications for school students of secondary level. It highlights how everyday examples such as gravity, light, tides, and energy transformations make physics concepts more relatable and meaningful. By connecting theory with real-life experiences, the study emphasizes that teaching physics through nature enhances understanding, curiosity, and critical thinking. When natural phenomena are understood through the lens of physics, it encourages learners to explore more about nature and the progress of human civilization.

Keywords: Physics in Nature, Educational Implication, Secondary Level.

Page No: 106-108

Author: Jaina Joshi & Dr. Sudhir Tandel

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090012

Abstract: Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) have become a focal point of discussions around modern educational restructuring in India, particularly in relation to curriculum, teaching methods, and a student’s overall growth. Yet, there are numerous types of scholarly works on integrating Indian Knowledge Systems such as conceptual, policy-oriented articles, reviews, and primary empirical studies, across different fields. This study presents a narrative analysis of how Indian Knowledge Systems are being understood and integrated into contemporary education. Besides this, the focus is also on curricular approaches, pedagogical practices, holistic development, teacher preparedness and institutional factors, and critical considerations. Literature of relevance was found on Google Scholar after six key search-term combinations were used which are based on Indian Knowledge Systems, education, pedagogy, curriculum, NEP 2020, and teacher education. The collected literature was analysed and then thematically synthesized into five thematic areas: curriculum and multidisciplinary integration; teaching methods and hands-on learning; holistic development, character and well-being; teacher/educator preparedness and institutional capacity; and critical, inclusive, and evidence-based integration. This synthesis indicates that IKS integration involves curriculum, teaching, educator preparation, institutional support, and critical engagement with diverse knowledge traditions. Yet, most sources are conceptual, review-based, and policy-based, with very few studies being based on empirical evidence and discussing implementation and learning outcomes. It is recommended that future research examine specific educational contexts in which IKS might be introduced and develop an evidence-based understanding of the integration process, inclusivity, and the ways in which it can support development of learners.

Keywords: Indian Knowledge Systems; contemporary education; curriculum integration; experiential learning; holistic development

Page No: 109-116

Author: Rekha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090013

Abstract: The increasing participation of women in paid employment has transformed the economic structure of Indian households. Working women are no longer confined to the role of supplementary earners; their income, savings, investment decisions and participation in household financial planning increasingly influence household economic security and long-term welfare. This paper examines the changing role of working women in household financial planning, with particular reference to Delhi-NCR and women employed in the higher-education sector. The study focuses on women’s participation in budgeting, savings, investment, insurance, debt management, tax planning and retirement planning. It also examines the relationship between women’s economic participation, financial awareness and their autonomy in household financial decision-making.

The paper is based primarily on secondary literature and available statistical information relating to women’s education, employment, labour-force participation and investment behaviour. The review of previous studies indicates that women traditionally exhibit a preference for relatively secure financial instruments such as bank deposits, insurance, gold and provident funds, although increasing financial literacy, digital access and exposure to financial markets are gradually broadening investment choices. The available evidence also suggests that income, education, occupation, financial awareness, risk perception and household circumstances influence women’s investment decisions.

The Delhi-NCR context is particularly important because of its concentration of universities, colleges, professional institutions, corporate organisations and information-technology activities. The paper argues that women’s participation in household financial planning should be examined as an important dimension of gender, labour and household economics rather than merely as an issue of personal investment behaviour. Strengthening financial literacy, improving access to appropriate financial products and enhancing women’s decision-making autonomy can contribute to household financial resilience and broader economic inclusion.

Keywords: Financial Literacy, Investment Behaviour, Economic Autonomy, Women Empowerment, Higher Education, Gender Economics.

Page No: 117-128

Author: Dilshad Haque

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/04090015

Abstract: Women’s scientific and professional activities constituted forms of nationalist agency even when they did not take the form of direct revolutionary or political action. Although the history of India’s freedom struggle has largely emphasised the contributions of revolutionaries, political leaders, and prominent male scientists who were directly involved in nation-building programmes during the colonial period, the contributions and experiences of Indian women in science have received relatively limited attention in discussions of social reform, nationalism, and nation-building. They made significant contributions through scientific work, education, social reform, labour welfare movements, and medical practice, thereby influencing broader social, political, and nation-building processes. This article explores their scientific and professional agency in relation to nationalism. It argues that, beyond their professional and social roles, these women constructed distinctive voices and spaces for themselves within colonial society. They challenged the social restrictions and oppression imposed on women. Although they were not necessarily directly involved in revolutionary or political activities, their professional work, scientific practices, and active participation in social reform movements constituted significant forms of national agency. Their resistance to institutional discrimination and their cultivation of scientific consciousness created broader platforms for nation-building. Hence, the freedom struggle cannot be critically analysed solely through the lens of direct revolutionary and political activities. A broader perspective must also include the social, professional and scientific activities of Indian women, as well as their literary interventions through science, which contributed to the making of modern India.

Keywords: Scientists, Indian Freedom Movement, Nationalism, Gender, Science And Society, Colonial India.

Page No: 129-142