Unveiling Atomic Structure: Historical Milestones, Quantum Theories, and Future Perspectives

Author: Dr.KoomkoomKhawas & Dr.NiluKumari & Dr.Amardeep Sinha

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/02110004

Abstract: The atomic structure forms the cornerstone of modern science, bridging disciplines from chemistry and physics to material science and quantum computing. This review traces the historical evolution of atomic theories, from ancient philosophical conjectures to the development of quantum mechanical models. Key contributions by pioneering scientists, such as Dalton, Rutherford, Bohr, and Schrödinger, are revisited to highlight their impact on contemporary understanding. The paper explores experimental breakthroughs, including spectroscopy and advanced imaging techniques, that have refined our knowledge of atomic arrangements and interactions. Applications of atomic structure in diverse fields, such as material science and nuclear energy, are discussed, alongside challenges in modeling subatomic particles and forces. Finally, the review outlines emerging directions in atomic structure research, emphasizing the potential of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology in unlocking new scientific frontiers.

Keywords: Quantum Mechanics; Subatomic Particles; Spectroscopy; Schrödinger Equation; Nanotechnology.

Page No: 42-50