Author: Madhuchhanda Maity & Dr. Abha Kumari
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.70798/Bijmrd/03120014
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. It is a global health concern, affecting millions and contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure. The disease is classified into type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and other specific types due to monogenic or secondary causes. The pathophysiology involves complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Clinical manifestations include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and long-term vascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Early diagnosis, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions, and regular monitoring are crucial for optimal disease management. Emerging therapies, including continuous glucose monitoring, insulin analogs, incretin-based drugs, and regenerative medicine approaches, show promise for better glycemic control and improved quality of life. This review synthesizes current knowledge on diabetes, highlighting epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, management strategies, complications, and future research directions, aiming to provide a holistic understanding for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Hyperglycemia, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, Lifestyle Modification, Complications, Management, Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
Page No: 131-138